Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Compost Application on the Fractions of Various Heavy Metals in Three Soil Textures

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

The use of municipal solid waste compost has been considered as an appropriate method for the improvement of soil quality in spite of having heavy metals. For this study, three types of soil textures including clay, loam, and sandy loam soil were used. These soils were mixed with five levels of compost treatments (0, 20, 40, 80 and 120 ton/ha) and this research was done using factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replications. After some basic experiments, the content of heavy metals such as Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Mn were measured in the various sectors. The results showed that increasing the amount of compost application increased the concentration of heavy metals in all solution, organic, carbonate and residual parts of soils as well as soil pH and EC. The increase in the concentration of these elements was more in the clay soil compared to the other two soil textures. Furthermore, the highest amounts of these elements in decreasing order were as follows: residual fractions> carbonate> organic> dissolved parts, respectively. The maximum amount of heavy metals in the solution part belonged to Mn, while Zn accounted for the minimum amount of heavy metal in the sandy loam. According to the results, it is recommended that, in the application of such compost fertilizers, in addition to measuring the heavy metals contents of these fertilizers, the necessary monitoring should be implemented with regular programs.

Keywords


  1. گندمکار، ا.، م.، کلباسی، ا.، قرآنی. 1382. اثر شیرابه کمپوست بر عملکرد و ترکیب شیمیائی ذرت و اثر باقیمانده آن بر بعضی خصوصیات خاک. پژوهش و سازندگی در زراعت و باغبانی. شماره60:ص 1-8.
  2. خوشگفتار منش، ا.، و م. کلباسی. 1381. اثر باقیمانده شیرابه بر ویژگی­های خاک و رشد و عملکرد گندم. علوم و فنون کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی. شماره3. ص 148-141.
  3. نژادحسینی، ط.، آستارایی، ع.، خراسانی .، و امامی، ح. (1390). بررسی دو نوع کود آلی همراه با عناصر بر و روی بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و غلظت عناصر غذایی در دانه ارزن معمولی.  علوم زراعی جلد 9، شماره1 ،صفحه، 77-70
  4. Abdoli M.A. 2005. Municipal Solid Wastes Recovery. Tehran University, Tehran. Edition 1. PP 12-14.
  5. Achiba, W.A., N. Gabteni, A. Lakhdar, G.L. Laing, M. Verloo, N. Jedidi, and T. Gallali. 2009. Effects of 5-year application of municipal solid waste compost on the distribution and mobility of heavy metals in a Tunisian calcareous soil. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment .130: 156–163.
  6. Afyuni, M. 1986. Extractability of iron, zinc and cadmium in sludge amended calcareous soil. MSc. Thesis, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, USA.
  7. Alloway, B.J., and A.P. Jackson. 1991. The behavior of heavy metals in sewage sludge amended soils. Science of the Total Environment. 100:151-176.
  8. C., and S. Marinova. 2003. Distribution and Forms of Heavy Metals in Some Agricultural Soils. Journal of Environmental Studies. 12: 629-633.
  9. Basta, N.T., and J.J. Sloan. 1999. Bioavailability of heavy metals in strongly acidic soils treated with exceptional quality biosolids. J. Environ Qual. 28: 633–638.
  10. Batjargal, T., E. Otgonjaral, K. Baek, and J.S. Yang. 2010. Assessment of metals contamination of soils in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 184: 872-876.
  11. Banat, K.M., F.M. Howari, and A.A. Al-Hamada. 2005. Heavy Metals in Urban Soils of Central Jordan: Should We Worry about Their Environmental Risks? Environmental Reserch. 97: 258-273.
  12. Bai, J., B. Cui, B. Chen, K. Zhang, W. Deng, H. Gao, and R. Xiao. 2011. Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments from a typical plateau lake wetland,China. Ecological Modelling. 222:301-306.
  13. Beyea, J. 1994 .Composting Yard Trimmings and municipal solid waste, United States Environmenta. Protection Agency. EPA530-R-94-003. 12-14.
  14. Bevacqua, K.F., and V.J. Mellano. 1994. Cumulative effects of sludge compost on crop yield and some soil properties. Communications in Soil Sci and Plant Analysis. 25 (3-4): 385-406.
  15. Chang, A.C., J.C. Warneke, A.L. Page, L.J. Lund. 1984. Accumulation of heavy metals in sewage sludge-treated J. Environ. Qual. 13, 87.
  16. Chodak, M., W. Broken, L. Ludwig, and F. Bees. 2001. Effects of temperature on the mineralization of C and N of fresh and mature compost in sandy material. Journal of Plant Nutrient Soil Science. 164: 284-294.
  17. Charlesworth, S., M. Everett, R. McCarthy, A. Ordóñez, E. de Miguel. 2003. A comparative study of heavy metal concentration and distribution in deposited street dusts in a large and a small urban area: Birmingham and Coventry, West Midlands, UK. Environment International. 29: 563–573.
  18. Figueroa, J., K. Wrobel, S. Afton, A. Joseph, J. Caruso, J. Corona, K. Wrobel. 2008. Effect of some heavy metals and soil humic substances on the phytochelatin production in wild plants from silver mine areas of Guanajuato, Mexico. Chemosphere. 70: 2084–2091.
  19. Gee, G.W., and D. Or. 2002. Particle-size and analysis. In: Warren, A.D.(ed.). Methods of soil analysis. Part 4. Physical Methods. Madison. WI. USA. Pp. 255-295.
  20. Hargreaves, J.C., M.S. Adl, P.R. Warman. 2008. A review of the use of composted municipal solid waste in agriculture. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 123: 1–14.
  21. He, Z.L., A.K. Alva, P. Yan, Y.C. Li, D. Calvert, and D.J. Bankes. 2000. Nitrogen mineralization and transformation from compost and biosolids during field incubation in a sandy soil. Soil Science. 165: 161-169.
  22. Jordao, C. P., C. C. Nascentes, P. R. Cecon, R.L. Fontes, J.L. Pereira. 2006. Heavy metals availability in soil amended with composted urban solid wastes. Environ. Monit. Assess. 112: 309–326.
  23. Junag, T.C. And Z.H. Shamsuddin. 1994. Eefect of combined compost-chemical fertilizer application on soil fertiliy and crop yield under rice corn rotation. Combined use of chemical and organic fertilizer procceding. Malaysia pp110-134.
  24. Kandpal, G., B. Ram, P.C. Srivastavab, S.K. Singh. 2004. Effect of metal spiking on different chemical pools and chemically extractable fractions of heavy metals in sewage sludge. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 106B: 133–137.
  25. Khoshgoftarmanesh, A.H., and M. Kalbasi. 2000. Effect of municipal waste leachate on soil properties and growth and yield of rice. Communications in Soil Sci and Plant Analysis. 33: 2011-2020.
  26. Karczewska, A. 1996. Chemical speciation and fate of selected heavy metals in soils strongly polluted by copper smelters. In: Reuther, R. (Ed.), Geochemical Approaches to Environmental Engineering of Metals. Springer, New York, pp. 55–79.
  27. Li, L., and F. Li, 2001. Heavy Metal Sorption and Hydraulic conductivity Studies Using Three Types of Bentnitr Admixes. Journal of Environ. 127: 420-429.
  28. Lindsay, W.L., and W.A. Norvell.1978. Development of a DTPA Soil test for Zinc, iron, manganese and copper. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.42: 421-428.
  29. Ma, L.Q, G.N. Rao. 1997. Chemical fractionation of cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc in contaminated soils. J Environ Qual. 26: 259–264.
  30. Madrid, F., R. Lo´pez, F. Cabrera. 2006. Metal accumulation in soil after application of municipal solid waste compost under intensive farming conditions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 119: 249–256
  31. Madrid, F., E.D. Barrientos, L. Madrid. 2008. Availability and bio-accessibility of metals in the clay fraction of urban soils of Sevilla. Environmental Pollution. 156: 605–610.
  32. Marcote, I., T. Hernandez, C. Garcia, and A. Polo. 2001. Influence one or two successive annual application of organic fertilizers on the enzyme activity of a soil under barley cultivation. Bioresour Technol. 79: 147-154.
  33. Maynard, A.A., 1995. Cumulative effect of annual additions of municipal solid waste compost on the yield of field growth tomatoes. Compost science and utilization. 3(2): 47-52.
  34. Narwal R.P, B.R. Singh, B. Salbu. 1999: Association of cadmium, zinc, copper, and nickel with components in naturally heavy metal-rich soils studied by parallel and sequential extractions. Communications in Soil Sci and Plant Analysis. 30: 1209–1230
  35. Olsen, S.R. and Wanatabe, F.S. 1957. A method to determine phosphorus adsorption maximum of soils as measured by the Langmuier isotherm" Soil Sic. Soc. Am. Proc. 21:144-149.
  36. Perez, D.V., S. Alcantara, C.C. Ribeiro, R.E. Pereira, G.C. Fontes, M.A. Wasserman, C. Venezuela, N.A. Meneguelli, J.R. de Macedo, and C.A.A. Barradas. 2007. Composted municipal waste effects on chemical properties of a Brazilian soil. Bioresour Technol. 98: 525-533.
  37. Prabpai, S. Charerntanyarak, L. Siri, B. Moore. M. Barry, R. And Noller, N. 2009.  Effects of residues from municipal solid waste landfill on corn yield and heavy metal content. Waste Management 29. 2316–2320.
  38. Richards, B.K., T.S. Steenhuis, J.H. Peverly, M.B. McBride. 2000. Effect of sludgeprocessing mode, soil texture and soil pH on metal mobility in undisturbed soil column under accelerated loading. Environ. Pollut. 109, 327–346.
  39. Roades, J.D. 1996. Salinity, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. Method of soil analysis, parss: .chemical methods. Madison. Wisconsin, USA. Pp: 417-436.
  40. Singh, R.P., and M. Agrawal. 2008. Potential benefits and risks of land application of sewage sludge. Waste Manag. 28: 347-358.
  41. Sipos, P., and T. Poka. 2005. Threshold Limit Values for Heavy Metals in the Function of Spatial and Temporal Variation of Geochemical Factors. Hungarian Academy of Sciences. 7p.
  42. Soumare, M., F.M.G. Track, M.G. Verlas. 2003. Effects of a municipal solid waste compost and mineral fertilization on plant growth in two tropical agricultural soils of Mali. Bioresource Technology.86
  43. Sutton, A.L., D.W. Nelson, V.B. Mayrose, and J.C. Nye. 1978. Effects of liquid swine waste applications on corn yield and soil chemical composition. J. Environ. Qual. 7(3): 325-333.
  44. Sposito, G., L.J. Lund, A.C. Chang. 1982. Trace metal chemistry in arid zone field soils amended with sewage sludg. I. Fractionation of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in solid phases. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46: 260–264.
  45. Tack, F.M.G., G. Du Laing, R. de Vos, B. vandecasteele, E. Lesage, M.G. Verloo. 2007. Effect of salinity on heavy metal mobility and availability in intertidal sediments of the Scheldt estuary. Estu. Cosat Shelf Sci
  46. Thomas, G.W. 1996. Soil pH and soil acidity in methods of soil analysis. Klute, A. (Ed.). Part3. Chemical methods. Madison, wisconsen, USA. 475-490.
  47. Tittarelli, F., G. Pettruzelli, B. Pezzarossa, M. Civilini, A. Benedetti, P.L.F. Sequi, M. Díaz, W.de Bertoldi, E. Bidlingmaier. 2007. Quality and agronomic use of compost. In: Stentiford (Eds.), Compost Science and Technology, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 119–157.
  48. Walkey, A., and I.A. Black. 1934. An Examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 37: 29–38.
  49. Williams, D.E., J. Vlamis, A.H. Pukite, J.E. Corey.1984. Metal movement in sludge-treated soils following six years of sludge addition, I. Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 137-351.
  50. Zhao, H.T., X.Y. Li, X.M. Wang, D. Tian. 2010. Grain size distribution of road-deposited sediment and its contribution to heavy metal pollution in urban runoff in Beijing, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 183: 203–210.
  51. Zhao, B., M. Maeda, J. Zhang, A. Zhu, and Y. Ozak. 2006. Accumulation and Chemical Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Andisols After a Different, 6-year Fertilization Management. ESPR – Environ Sci & Pollut Res. 13 (2) 90 – 97