Yield and Leaf Mineral Compositions of Kiwifruit According to Different Fertilization Methods

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor., Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research and Education Organization (AREO), Ramsar

2 Instructor in Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research and Education Organization (AREO), Ramsar

3 Associate Professor., Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research and Education Organization (AREO), Ramsar

Abstract

Kiwifruit requires high quantity of nutrients, which must be supplied through fertilization to obtain optimum yield on sustainable basis. Therefore, this research was conducted with the objective of evaluating different fertilization methods -including broadcast application (as control), localized placement of fertilizer, and fertigation alone or in combination with foliar application- on leaf and fruit nutrient contents of kiwifruit. In addition, this experiment was conducted in order to determine relationships between the leaf and fruit mineral compositions with yield of kiwifruit vine in Iran Citrus Research Institute of Ramsar. Results showed that Fertilization methods had a significant effect on yield and fruit weight and the highest level was observed in the combination of fertigation with foliar application. In addition, results showed that fertilization methods had a significant effect on leaf and fruit nutrient (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca)) levels of kiwifruit. Furthermore, foliar application increased leaf and fruit nutrient (N, P, K, Ca) levels of kiwifruit at all treatments. The fruit/leaf ratios of P, K, and Ca were different in various fertilization methods. In addition, the mineral concentration in fruit decreased in the order of K> N> Ca> P, and in leaf decreased in the order of N> K> Ca> P, regardless of fertilization method. The correlation results showed that kiwifruit yield had significant correlation with N, K, and Ca levels in kiwifruit leaves. However, the yield was not significantly correlated with fruit nutrient levels. In addition, by applying a stepwise variable selection program, leaf K content was found to be the most important variable for yield prediction. Moreover, leaf K content in combination with leaf N and Ca contents could be used for yield prediction in the studied vine. Since all kiwifruit orchards in the North of Iran are equipped with micro-jet irrigation system and also significant increase of nutrient concentrations in leaves following foliar application, fertigation and foliar application not only can save time and money but can also cause an increase in nutrient concentration in leaves and improve fruit quality.

Keywords

References

  1. آمارنامه کشاورزی محصولات باغبانی وزارت جهاد کشاورزی. 1394. معاونت برنامه‏ریزی و اقتصادی، مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات، تهران، ایران (www.maj.ir).
  2. اسدی کنگرشــاهی، ع.، م. بصیرت، ن. اخلاقــی امیــری، ح. حقیقت­نیــا، ع. شـیخ اشـکوری، آ. صبـاح، م. شـهابیان، ج. صالح و ا. قاسـمی. 1395. روش­های مصرف کودهای شیمیایی در درختان مرکبات. نشریه ترویجی شماره 49905، مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب - دفتر شبکه ملی تلویزیونی کشاورزی و مدیریت دانش. نشر آموزش کشاورزی.
  3. سرچشمه­چور، م. م.ج. ملکوتی. 1384. کوددهی باغات پسته با استفاده از سیستم آبیاری قطره‏ای و مقایسه آن با روش سنتی. نهمین کنگره علوم خاک ایران.
  4. کیانی، ش. و م.ج.ملکوتی. 1380. تأثیر روش کوددهی در کاهش ریزش میوه بادام رقم مامایی در چهارمحال و بختیاری (قسمت اول).
  5. مرادی، ب. و ط. رئیسی. 1395. تغذیه باغ­های کیوی­فروت. نشریه فنی شماره 48341. کمیته انتشارت پژوهشکده مرکبات و میوه­های نیمه­گرمسیری، رامسر، ایران.
  6. مرادی ب.، ط. رئیسی و س. شاهنظری. 1395. اثر روش‌های مختلف کوددهی بر ویژگی‌های کمی و کیفی میوه‌ی کیوی‌فروت. مجله پژوهش­های خاک. جلد 30، شماره 3، صفحه 237-248.
  7. Almaliotis, D., D. Velemis, S. Bladenopoulou, and N. Karapetsas. 2002. Leaf nutrient levels of strawberries (cv. tudla) in relation to crop yield. Acta Hort. 567: 447-450.
  8. Amodio, M.L., G. Colelli, J.K. Hasey, and A.A. Kader. 2007. A comparative study of composition and postharvest performance of organically and conventionally grown kiwifruits. J. Sci. Food Agri. 87:1228–1236.
  9. Alva, A. K., and S. Paramasivam. 1998. Nitrogen management for high yield and quality of citrus in sandy soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 62:1335–1342.
  10. Alva, A. K., S. Paramasivam, T. A. Obreza, and A. W. Schumann. 2006. Nitrogen best management practice for citrus trees, I: Fruit yield, quality, and leaf nutritional status. Sci. Hortic. 107:233–244.
  11. Bremner, J.M. 1996. Nitrogen-total. p. 1085-1121. In: D.L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3 chemical methods. SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  12. Buwalda, J.G., and G.S. Smith. 1987. Accumulation and partitioning of dry matter and mineral nutrients in developing kiwifruit vines. Tree Physiol. 3: 295-307.
  13. Coutinho J., and A. Veloso. 1997. Plant analysis as a guide of the nutritional status of kiwifruit orchards in Portugal. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 28: 1011-1019.
  14. Dong, S., D. Neilsen, G.H. Neilsen, and L.H. Fuchigami. 2005. Foliar N application reduces soil NO3-N leaching loss in apple orchards. Plant Soil 268:357-366.
  15. Ferguson, I.B., T.G. Thorp, A.M. Barnett, L.M. Boyd, and C.M. Trigs. 2003. Inorganic nutrient concentrations and physiological pitting in ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit. J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 78:497–504.
  16. Ferguson, A.R. 2011. Kiwifruit: evolution of a crop. Acta Hortic. 91:31-42.
  17. Grace, J.K., K.L. Sharma, K.V. Seshadri, C. Ranganayakulu, K.V. Subramanyam, G. Bhupal Raj, S.H.K. Sharma, G. Ramesh, P.N. Gajbhiye, and M. Madhavi. 2012. Evaluation of Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) cv. Sathgudi Budded on Five Rootstocks for Differential Behavior in Relation to Nutrient Utilization in Alfisol. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal.43: 985-1014.
  18. Gee, G.H., and J.W. Bauder. 1986. Particle size analysis. p. 383-409. In: A. Klute (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2 physical properties. SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  19. Gorinstein, S.R., S. Haruenkit, Y.S. Poovarodom, S. Park, M. Vearasilp, and K.S. Suhaj. et al. 2009. The comparative characteristics of snake and kiwi fruits. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47:1884–1891.
  20. Greave, A.J. 1985. Root distribution of kiwifruit in a deep sandy loam soil of the New Zealand. New Zealand. New Zeal. J. Agr. Res. 28:433-436.
  21. Helmke, Ph.A., and D.L. Sparks. 1996. Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium. In: D.L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3 chemical methods. SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  22. Ferguson, A.R. 2011. Kiwifruit: evolution of a crop. Acta Hort. 91:31-42.
  23. Johnson, R.S., R.C. Rosecrance, S.A. Weinbaum, H. Andris, and J. Wang. 2001. Can we approach complete dependence on foliar-applied urea nitrogen in an early-maturing peach? J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 126:364-370.
  24. Johnson, R.S., F.G. Mitchell, C.H. Crisosto, W.H. Olson, and G. Costa. 1997. Nitrogen influences kiwifruit storage life. Proc. Third Int. Symp.on Kiwifruit. Eds. E.Stakiotakis, J. Porlingis. Acta Hort. 444: 285-289.
  25. Kalra, Y.P. 1998. Handbook of reference methods for plant analysis. CRC, London, UK.
  26. Loeppert, R.H., and D.L. Sparks. 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. p. 437-474. In D.L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3, chemical methods. SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  27. Marsh, K.B., and B.M. Stowell. 1993. Effect of fertigation and hydrogen cyanamide on fruit production, nutrient uptake, and fruit quality in kiwifruit. New Zeal J. Crop Hort.21: 247-252.
  28. Morton, A.R. 2013. Kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) vine and fruit responses to nitrogen fertilizer applied to the soil or leaves. Ph.D. thesis, Massey University, Palmerston north, New Zealand. 351 p.
  29. Nelson, D.W., and L.E. Sommers. 1996. Total carbon organic carbon and organic matter. p. 961-1011. In D.L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3, chemical methods. SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  30. Olsen, S.R., and L.E. Sommers. 1982. Phosphorus. p. 403-430. In: A. Klute (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part1 ‌‌chemical and biological properties. SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  31. Peticilaa, A., G.V. Scaeteanub, R. Madjarb, F. Stanicaa, and A. Asanicaa. 2015. Fertilization Effect on mineral nutrition of Actinidia Deliciosa (kiwi) cultivated on different substrates. Agric. Agric. Sci. Procedia. 6:132–138.
  32. Prasad, M., and T. M. Spiers. 1991. The effect of nutrition on the storage quality of kiwifruit (A review). Acta Hort. 297:79-85.
  33. Quiñones, A., J. Bañuls, E. Primo-Millo, and F. Legaz. 2003. Effects of 15N application frequency on nitrogen uptake efficiency in Citrus trees. J. Plant. Physio. 160:1429-1434.
  34. Rhoades, J.D. 1996. Salinity Electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. p. 417-437. In D.L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3, chemical methods. SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
  35. Santoni F., J. Paolini, T. Barboni, and J. Cost. 2014. Relationships between the leaf and fruit mineral compositions of Actinidia deliciosa var. Hayward according to nitrogen and potassium fertilization. Food Chem. 147:269–271.
  36. Smith, G.S., Asher, C.J., and Clark, C.J. 1997. Kiwifruit nutrition diagnosis of nutritional disorders. The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd.
  37. Smith, G.S., C.J. Clark, and H.V. Henderson. 1987. Seasonal accumulation of mineral nutrients by kiwifruit: I. leaves. New Phytol. 106: 81-100.
  38. Tarakcioglu, C., T. Askin, R. Cangi, and C. Duran. 2006. Nutritional status in some kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) orchards: A case survey from Karadeniz region in Turkey. J.Plant Sci. 2: 187-194.
  39. Thomas, G.W. 1996. Soil pH and soil acidity. p. 475-491. In: D.L. Sparks (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3 chemical methods. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin.
  40. Velemis, D., N. Karagiannidis, E. Manolakis, E. Paroussis, and A. Simonis. 1995. Determination of desirable nutrient leaf levels for kiwifruit in Greece. Acta Hort. 383: 385-392.
  41. Velemis, D., D. Almaliotis, S. Bladenopoulou, and N. Karapetsas. 1999. leaf nutritional levels of apple orchard in relation to crop yield. Adv. Hortic. Sci. 13: 147-150.
Iranian Journal of Soil Research
Volume 31, Issue 4
March 2018
Pages 473-483

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics