Effect of Nitrogen Application Management in Different Phonological Stages on Yield and Alternate Bearing of Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshiu)

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Assistant Professor, Soil and Water Research Department, Mazandaran Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Sari, Iran

Abstract

An important issue in some citrus varieties including Satsuma mandarin is alternate bearing. Therefore, to reduce alternate bearing in Satsuma mandarin trees, an experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The experiment was done during 7 years with 32 Satsuma mandarin trees which were almost the same age and size. The experimental treatments of nitrogen use management included T1= Control (three splits, the first split late in March, the second late in April after fruit formation, and the third one month after the second split); T2= Summer application (15% before flowering, 30% after fruit formation, 20% at the time of physiological drop, and 35% after the beginning of fruit development); T3= Autumn application (15% before flowering, 30% after fruit formation, 30% at the time of physiological drop and 25% after fruit harvest); T4= Summer and autumn application (15% before flowering, 30% after fruit formation, 20% at the time of physiological drop, 20% after starting development, and 15% after fruit harvest). Results showed that fruit yield had the greatest difference in the first and second years of experiment and then the yield difference gradually decreased. The lowest cumulative yield (379  kg/tree) was obtained from the control and the highest cumulative yield (446 kg/tree) was obtained from summer and autumn N treatment. Results showed that the control had the highest alternate bearing index (0.40) and autumn N application treatment had the lowest treatment index (0.18). Also, year had a significant effect on fruit average weight as the highest fruit average weight was obtained in the fifth year. In all N application treatments, fruit average weight was significantly more (at 5% level) than the control. Based on the results of this study, to minimize alternate bearing, the time and amount of nitrogen fertilizers are recommended in the following four stages: 15% at the beginning of flowering, 30% between fruit set and the beginning of June drop; 30% at the beginning of June drop to early phase of the second growth of fruits; and 25% after fruit harvest.

Keywords

References

  1. احیایی، م. 1375. روشهای تجزیه شیمیایی خاک. نشریه 1024. موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، تهران، ایران.
  2. اخلاقی امیری، ن. و ع. اسدی کنگرشاهی. 1390. تأثیر تیمارهای مختلف تغذیه‌ای در کنترل تناوب باردهی نارنگی انشو. علوم و فنون باغبانی ایران، جلد 12، شماره 1، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران.
  3. اخلاقی امیری، ن. و ع. اسدی کنگرشاهی. 1389. بررسی اثر اکسین، ساکارز و تغذیه بر الگوی تناوب باردهی نارنگی انشو. مجله پژوهش­های تولید گیاهی، جلد 17، شماره 3، گرگان، ایران. 
  4. ارزانی، ک. و ن. اخلاقی امیری. 1379. اثر اکسین های 2,4-D و نفتالن استیک اسید (NAA) در اندازه و کیفیت میوه نارنگی انشو. نهال و بذر، جلد 16، شماره 4، 459-450.
  5. اسدی کنگرشاهی، ع. و ن. اخلاقی امیری. 1395. تأثیر کاربرد پتاسیم در مراحل مختلف فنولوژی بر عملکرد و کیفیت میوه نارنگی انشو. نشریه پژوهش های خاک، جلد 30 شماره 2، موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، کرج، ایران.
  6. اسدی کنگرشاهی، ع. و ن. اخلاقی امیری. 1395. مدیریت مصرف نیتروژن و تناوب باردهی مرکبات. مجله یافته‌های علوم کشاورزی، جلد دوم شماره 1، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی مازندران، سازمان تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی، تهران، ایران.
  7. اسدی کنگرشاهی، علی و نگین اخلاقی امیری. 1395. سرمازدگی درختان میوه (مبانی، اصول و راهکارهای عملی کاهش خسارت). انتشارات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران.
  8. اسدی کنگرشاهی، ع. و ن. اخلاقی امیری. 1393. تغذیه پیشرفته و کاربردی مرکبات، جلد اول. انتشارات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران.
  9. اسدی کنگرشاهی، ع. و ن. اخلاقی امیری. 1393. تغذیه پیشرفته و کاربردی مرکبات، جلد دوم. انتشارات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران.
  10. اسدی کنگرشاهی، ع.، غ.ر. ثواقبی و ن. اخلاقی امیری. 1390. کاهش تناوب باردهی در نارنگی انشو با مدیریت مصرف نیتروژن و هرس در شرق مازندران. مجله علوم باغبانی ایران. دوره 42، شماره 3. تهران، ایران.
  11. اسدی کنگرشاهی، ع. و ن. اخلاقی امیری. 1386. بررسی امکان کاهش سال آوری نارنگی انشو با استفاده از محلول پاشی اوره قبل و بعد از برداشت میوه. پنجمین کنگره علوم باغبانی ایران. شیراز ، ایران.
  12. امامی، ع. 1375. روش‌های تجزیه گیاه. جلد اول، نشریه شماره 982، موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، تهران، ایران.
  13. تدین، م.س. 1386. اثر زمان و مقدار تغذیه ازت بر تناوب باردهی نارنگی کینو. هشتمین کنگره علوم خاک ایران. رشت، ایران.
  14. حسینی، ی.، ر. رضازاده. 1394. بررسی امکان تعدیل سال­آوری نارنگی سیاهو با استفاده از تغییر زمان محلول­پاشی نیتروژن و زمان برداشت در حاجی­آباد (هرمزگان). نشریه پژوهش­های خاک، جلد 29، شماره 4. موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، کرج، ایران.
  15. Akao, S., S. Kubota and M. Hayashida. 1978. Utilization of reserve nitrogen, especially autumn nitrogen by Satsuma mandarin trees during the development of spring shoots. Journal Japanese Society of Horticultural Science, 47: 31-38.
  16. Arias, M., J. Carbonell and M. Agusti. 2005. Endogenous free polyamines and their role in fruit set of low and high parthenocarpic ability citrus cultivars. Journal of Plant Physiology, 162: 845-853.
  17. Bondada, B.R. and J.P. Syvertsen. 2003. Leaf chlorophyll, net gas exchange and chloroplast ultrastructure in citrus leaves of different nitrogen status. Tree Physiology. 23, 553–559.
  18. Chaplin, M. H. and M.N. Westwood. 1980. Relationship of nutritional factors to fruit set. Journal of Plant Nutrition 2: 477-504.
  19. Cox, J.D., J.P. Syvertsen and D.A. Graetz. 2001. Nitrogen uptake, partitioning and leaching losses from young bearing citrus trees of different nitrogen status. Journal of the Amrican Society of Horticultural Science. 126: 242-251.
  20. Feigenbaum, S., H. Bielorai, Y. Erner and S. Dasberg. 1987. The fate of N labeled nitrogen applied to mature citrus trees. Plant and Soil, 97: 179-187.
  21. Goldschmidth, E.E. 2005. Regulatory aspects of alternate bearing in fruit tree. Italus Hortus. 12: 11-17.
  22. Groot, C.C., R. van den Boogaard, LF.M. Marcelis, J. Harbinson H.Lamber. 2003. Contrasting effects of N and P deprivation on the regulation of photosynthesis in tomato plants in relation to feedback limitation. Journal of Experimental Botany, 54: 1957–1967.
  23. Kato, F., S. Kubota and S. Tsukahava. 1981. N absorption and translocation in Satsuma mandarin trees uptake and distribution of nitrogen supplied in summer. Agricultural Experiment Station of Japan, 36: 1-6.
  24. Legaz, F., M.D. Serna and E. Primo. 1995. Mobilization of the reserve N in citrus. Plant and Soil, 173: 205-210.
  25. Lovatt, C.J., O. Sagee and A.G.  Ali. 1992. Ammonia and its metabolites influence flowering, fruit set and yield of Washington Navel orange. Proceedings International Society Citriculture, 1: 412-416.
  26. Lovatt, C.J., Y. Zheng and K.D. Hake. 1988a. Demonstration of a change in nitrogen metabolism influencing flower initiation in citrus. Isr. Botanists, 37(3/4): 181-188.
  27. Lovatt, C.J., Y. Zheng and K.D. Hake. 1988b. A new look at the Kraus-Kraybill hypothesis and flowering of citrus. 6th Int. Citrus Congress. 1: 475-483.
  28. Mozhar, M. S., Anwar, R. and Maqbool, M. 2007. A review of alternate bearing in citrus. In: Proceedings International Symposium on Prospects of Horticultural Industry in Pakistan, 143-149.
  29. Monselise, S.P. and E.E. Goldschmidt. 1982. Alternate bearing in fruit trees. In: Horticultural reviews. Vol. 4. AVI Publishing Company, 128-174.
  30. Monselise, S.P., E.E. Goldschmidt and A. Golomb. 1981. Alternate bearing in citrus and ways of control. Proceeding of International Society of Citriculture. 1: 239-242.
  31. Ogata, T. 1997. The control of flowering and fruit set in Satsuma mandarin with plant growth regulators and the dynamics of endogenous plant hormones in their processes. Bulletin of University of Osaka Prefecture, Series B., 49: 67-109.
  32. Okada, M. 2004. Effectiveness of  reserved nutrients for estimating productivity of Satsuma mandarin. Journal Japanese Society of Horticultural Science. 73: 163-170.
  33. Ortola, A.G., G. Monerri and J.L. Guardiola. 1991. The use of naphthalene acetic acid as a fruit growth enhancer in Satsuma mandarin, a comparison with the fruit thinning effect. Scientia Horticulturae, 47: 15- 25.
  34. Rosecrance, R., S.A. Weinbaum and P.H. Brown. 1998. Alternate bearing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and starch storage pools in mature pistachio trees. 82: 463-470.
  35. Smith, P.F. 1976. Collapse of “Murcott” tangerine trees. Journal of American Society for Horticultural Science. 101: 23-25.
  36. Srivastava, A.K. and S. Singh. 2009. Citrus decline: Soil fertility and plant nutrition. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 32: 197-245.
  37. Srivastava, A.K. and S. Singh. 2003. Citrus nutrition international book distributing Co. (IBDC). India.
  38. Stewart, I., T.A. Wheaton and R.L. Reese. 1968. “Murcott” collapse due to nutritional deficiencies. Proceeding of Florida State of Horticultural Society. 81: 15-18.
  39. Tachibana, S. and S. Yahataa. 1996. Optimizing nitrogen fertilizer application for a high density planting of Satsuma mandarin. Journal of Japanese Society Horticultural Science. 65: 471-477.
  40. Turkals, M., B. Inal, S. Okay, E.G. Eekilic, E. Dundar, P. Hernandez, G. Doredo and T. Unver. 2013. Nutrition metabolism plays an important role in the alternate bearing of olive tree. PLOS ONE. 8:1-15.
Iranian Journal of Soil Research
Volume 33, Issue 3
December 2019
Pages 321-334

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics