Laboratory Study of Splash Erosion on Soil SamplesCollected from Different Land Uses of Lordegan Subcatchment, Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Graduate student, University of Tehran

2 Associate Professor, University of Tehran, Soil Science Department

3 Assistant Professor, Khozestan-Ramin University of Agriculture and Natural Resources

Abstract

Splash detachment and transport of soil particles by raindrops impacting a soil surface are the initiating mechanisms of water erosion. The aim of this research was to study the interaction effects of land use, slope, and rainfall intensity on splash erosion rate and its components (upslope, downslope transport, and total splash) in Lordegan sub-catchment. A factorial experiment with three variables was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications using a Multiple Splash Set (MSS) which was designed and manufactured for this experiment. The treatments included three types of land uses (rangeland, dry farming and rain-fed farming), two levels of rainfall intensity (2.5 and 3.5 mm.min-1) and two slopes of 5% and 15%. The rangeland soils showed higher organic matter and mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWD) and lower calcium carbonates than the dry farming and rain-fed farming soils. There was no significant effect of land use on splash erosion rate and its components, but there was a significant effect of slope and rainfall intensity values on the upslope, downslope, and total splash. Also, the interaction effects of rainfall intensity and land use type showed a significant increasing in splash erosion rate and its components. Therefore, increase in splash erosion rate due to rainfall intensity (from 2.5 to 3.5 mm.min-1) in irrigated farming land use was 1.58 and 1.16 times that of rangeland and dry farming land uses, respectively. 

Keywords


  1. احمدی ایلخچی، ع؛ م. ع. حاج عباسی؛ و ا. جلالیان. 1381. اثر تغییر کاربری مرتعی به دیم کاری و تولید رواناب، هدررفت و کیفیت خاک در منطقه دوراهان چهارمحال و بختیاری. علوم و فنون کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی. 6(4): 103-15.
  2. حاج عباسی، م.ع؛ ا. بسالت پور؛ و ا. مللی. 1386. اثر تبدیل مراتع به اراضی کشاورزی بر برخی ویژگی­های شیمیایی و فیزیکی خاک­های جنوب و جنوب غربی اصفهان. مجله علوم و فنون کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی. شمار ه 42.
  3. خالدیان، ح؛ و ص شاهویی. 1389. اندازه­گیری فرسایش پاشمانی و رابطه آن با شدت بارندگی در استان کردستان. مجله پژوهش آب ایران.6: 24-19.
  4. رفاهی، ح. 1378. فرسایش آبی و کنترل آن. انتشارات دانشگاه تهران. صص63-57 و 89-91.
  5. رضایی پاشایی، م؛ ع.کاویان؛ و ق. وهاب زاده. 1390. مطالعه آزمایشگاهی فرسایش پاشمانی و ارتباط آن با خصوصیات خاک در سه کاربری اراضی مجاور هم (مطالعه موردی: حوضه ی کسیلیان). مجله علوم و فنون کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، علوم آب و خاک. شماره 58.
  6. مختاری کرچگانی، پ؛ ش. ایوبی؛ م.ر. مصدقی؛ و م. ملکیان. 1390. اثر شیب و کاربری اراضی بر ذخایر مواد آلی خاک در اجزاء اندازه ذرات و برخی خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک در اراضی تپه ماهوری لردگان. مجله مدیریت خاک و تولید پایدار. 1(1): 41-23.
  7. مطالعات مرحله اول شبکه آبیاری و زهکشی اراضی پایاب سد مخرنی ونک، 1388، جلد 1، مهندسین مشاور آبدان فراز، شرکت آبدان فراز، شرکت آب منطقه ای استان چهارمحال و بختیاری، ص 100-53.
  8. M.M. 1994. Splash transport of soil on a slope under various crop covers, Agricultural water management. 26:59-66.
  9. Choi, E.C.C.,2002. Modelling of wind-driven rain and its soil detachment effect on hill slopes. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 90:1081–1097.
  10. Ekwue, E. I. and Maidugury. 1991. The effects of soil organic matter content. Rainfall duration and aggregate size on soil detachment. Soil Technol. 4:197-207.
  11. Ekwue, E. I. and O. Ohu 1991. A Model Equation to Describe Soil Detachment by Rainfall.Soil Tillage Res.16: 299-306.
  12. Fan, R., and Z. Li. 1993. Rainsplash and sediment transport model on the slope. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 6:24–29.
  13. Farmer,E. E. 1973. Relative detachability of soil particles bby simulated rainfall. Soil Sci, Soc. Am. Proc. 37:629-633.
  14. Fernández-Raga, M., R. Fraile., J.J. Keizer., M.E.V. Tiejiero., A. Castro., C.Palencia., A.I. Calvo., J. Koenders., and R. Marques. 2010. the kinetic energy of rain measured with an optical disdrometer: An application to splash erosion. Atmospheric Research. 96: 225–240.
  15. Gee, G.W., J.W. Bauder. 1986. Particle size analysis. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1. In: physical and mineralogical methods. SSSA, Madison, WI. 383–411.
  16. Geibler, C., P. Kuhn., M. Bohnk., H. Bruelheide., X. Shi., T. Scholten. 2010. Splash erosion potential under tree canopies in subtropical SE China. Catena.pp.1-9.
  17. Ghadiri, H., and D. Payne. 1988. The formation and characteristics of splash following  raindrop impact on soil. J. Soil Sci.  39:563-572.
  18. Haghighi, , M. Gorgi., and M. Shorafa .2010: A Study of the Effects of Land Use Changes on Soil Physical Properties and Organic Matter. Land Degradation & Development. (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/ldr.999.
  19. Kemper, W.D., and R.C. Rosenau. 1986. Size distribution aggregates. In: Klute, A. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 1. Second de. ASA Monogr. Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison .9:425-442.
  20. Klingebiel, A., and A.M. Oneal. 1952. Structure and its influence on tilth of soils. Soil Sci, Soc. Am. Proc. 16:77-80.
  21. Legout, C., S. Leguedois., Y. Le Bissonnais., and O. Malam Issa.2005. Splash distance and distributions size for various soils. Geoderma. 124:279–292.
  22. Leguedois, S. and Y. Le Bissonnais. 2004. Size fractions resulting from an aggregate stability test, interrill detachment and transport. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms.29 (9):1117–1129.
  23. Loeppert, R. H., and D.L.Suarez. 1996.Carbonate and gypsum. In: Bigham, J. M., and Bartels, J. M., (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 3, Chimical Methods,SSSA, ASA, Madison, WI. pp.437-474.
  24. Morgan,R. P. C. 1981. Field measurement of splash erosion. Erosion and Sediment Transport Measurement. 133:373-382.
  25. Nelson, D.W. and L.E. Sommer. 1982. total carbon. organic carbon and organic mtter. In: A.L. page(Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. 2nd ed. ASA Monogr. Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison .9(2):539-579.
  26. Qinjuan, CH., C. Qiangguo. and M. Wenjun. 2008. Comparative Study on Rain Splash Erosion of Representative Soils in China. Chin. Geogra. Sci. 18(2):155–161.
  27. Torri, D., J. Poesen. 1992. The effect of soil surface slope on raindrop detachment.Catena. 19:561-578.
  28. Van dijk, A.I.J.M., A.G.C.A. Mecsters., and L. A Bruijnzeel. 2002. Exponential distribution Theory and The inter pration of splash detachment and transport experiment. Soil Sci, Soc. Am. J. 66:1466-1743.