Relationships of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Calcareous Soils of Qorveh Watershed with Soil Arsenic

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

2 Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan Sanandaj, Iran

3 Sanandaj, Iran; E-mail: bsouri@uok.ac.ir Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

Abstract

Arsenic abundance in calcareous soils of Qorveh watershed, which is the most important agricultural region in Kurdistan Province, has caused arsenic pollution in agricultural products and water resources. In an attempt to investigate the relationships between arsenate (as less soluble fraction of soil arsenic) and the soils physico-chemical characteristics, eight pedons from the most polluted parts across the study area were sampled. Analysis of the results for the 38 soil samples revealed significant relationships between arsenate (considered as major less toxic fraction of soil arsenic) with sand, silt, organic carbon, free iron oxides, nitrate, and phosphate. The most significant relationship found was between arsenate and free iron oxides (r=0.748, α=0.01). Regarding the low quantities of free iron oxides among the studied soils, application of iron fertilizers or iron soluble compounds alongside with efforts to improve soil pH are recommended to reduce arsenic solubility and, consequently, arsenic pollution in the studied soils, while application of nitrate and phosphate fertilizers need to become limited as well.

Keywords


  1. سیاره، ع.، م. فنودی و ا. دادستان. 1386. بررسی های زمین شناسی زیست محیطی در قروه-بیجار، گزارش مقدماتی. سازمان زمین شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور.
  2. Alvarez-Benedi, J., S. Bolado, I. Cancillo, C. Calvo and D. Garcio-Sinovas. 2005. Adsorption-Desorption of Arsenate in Three Spanish Soils. Soil Science Society of American Journal. 4: 282-290.
  3. Alves, M. E. and A. Lavorenti. Sulfate adsorption and its relationships with properties of representative soils of the Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Geoderma 118: 89-99.
  4. Bhumbla, D. K. and R. F. Keefler. 1994. Arsenic mobilization andbioavailability in soils. Niragu JO Arsenic in theEnvironment, Part I, Cycling and Characterization, John Wiley & Sons, New York. 51–82.
  5. Blackmore, L.C., P.L. Searle and B.K. Daly. 1987. Methods for chemical analysis of soils. NZ Soil Bureau, Lower Hutt. New Zealand. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
  6. Brannon, J. M. and W. H. Patrick. 1987. Fixation, transformation, and mobilization in sediments. Environmental Science and Technology. 21(5): 450-459.
  7. Corwin, D. L., A. David and S. Goldberg. 1999. Mobility of arsenic in soil from the Rocky mountain Arsenal area. Contaminant Hydrology 39: 35-58.
  8. Day, P.R. 1965. Particle fractions and particle-size analysis. In Black, C.A. ed., Methods of soil analysis: Part1. American Society of Agronomy. 545-567.
  9. Elkhatib, E. A., O. L. Bennett and R. J. Wright. 1984. Arsenic sorption and desorption in soils. Soil Science Society of American Journal. 48: 1025-1030.
  10. Fendorf, S., M. J. Eick., P. Grossl and D. L. Sparks. 1997. Arsenate and chromate retention mechanisms on goethite 1 Surface structure. Environmental Science and Technology. 31: 315-
  11. Frost, R. R. and R. A. Griffin. 1977. Effect of pH on adsorption of arsenic and selenium from landfill leachate by clay minerals. Soil Science Society of American Journal. 41: 53-
  12. Frentiu, T., S. N. Vlad, M. Ponta, C. Baclu, I. Kasler and E. Cordos. 2007. Profile distribution of As(III) and As(V) species in soil and groundwater in Bozanta area. Slovak Academy of Sciences 61 (3): 186-193.
  13. Fuller, W. H. 1978. Investigation of landfill leachate pollutant attenuation by soils. EPA-600/2-28-158. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Cincinnati, OH.
  14. Garcia-Sanchez, A., A. Alastuey and X. Querol. 1999. Heavy metal adsorption by different minerals; application to the remediation of polluted soils. Science of the Total Environment. 242: 179-188.
  15. Giacomino, A., M. Malandrino, O. Abollino, M. Velayutham, T. Chinnathangavel and E. Mentasti. 2010. An approach for arsenic in a contaminated soil: speciation, fractionation, extraction and effluent decontamination. Environmental Pollution 158: 416–423.
  16. Goldberg, S. and R. A. Glaubig. 1988. Anion sorpion on a calcareous, montmorillonitic soil-arsenic. Soil Science Society of American Journal. 52: 1297-1300.
  17. Grafe, M., M. J. Eick and P. R. Grossl. 2001. Adsorption of arsenate(V) and arsenite(III) on goethite in the presence and absence of dissolved organic carbon. Soil Science Society of American Journal. 65: 1680-1687.
  18. Hopkins, D.W. 2006. Carbon mineralization. In Carter, M.R. and Gregorich, E.G. eds., Soil sampling and method of analysis, Taylor and Francis Group, 589-598.
  19. 1993. Procedures for soil analysis. Vol. 4. International soil reference and information center.
  20. Jain, A and R. H. Loeppert. 2000. Effect of competing anions on the adsorption of arsenate and arsenite by ferrihydrite. Journal of Environmental Quality 29(5): 1422–1430.
  21. Juillot, F., P. Ildefonse, G. Moring, A. M. de Kersabiec and M. Benedetti. 1999. Remobilization of arsenic from buried wastes at an industrial site: mineralogical and geochemical control. Applied Geochemistry 14 (8): 1031–1048.
  22. Kinniburgh, D. G., M. L. Jackson and J.K. Syers. 1976. Adsorption of alkaline earth transition, and heavy metal cations by hydrous oxide gels of iron and aluminum. Soil Science Society of American Journal. 40: 796-799.
  23. Langner, H.,W. and W. P. Inskeep. 2000. Microbial reduction of arsenate in the presence of ferrihydrite. Environmental Science and Technology. 34: 3131–3136.
  24. Lin, Z. and R. W. Puls. 2000. Adsorption, desorption and oxidation of arsenic affected by clay minerals and aging process. Environmental Geology 39 (7): 753-759.
  25. Liu, F., A. De Cristofaro and A. Violante. 2001. Effect of pH, phosphate and oxalate on the adsorption/desorption of arsenate on/from goethite. Soil Science 166: 197-208.
  26. Livesey, N. T. and P. M. Huang. 1981. Adsorption of arsenate by soils and its relation to selected chemical properties and anions. Soil Science 131: 88-94.
  27. Manning, B. A. and S. Goldberg. 1997. Arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) adsorption on three California soils. Soil Science 162: 886-
  28. Miller, J., H. Akhter, F. K. Cartledge and M. Mclearn. 2000. Treatment of arsenic-contaminated soil. II: Treatability study and remediation. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 126:1004-1012.
  29. Moore, T.J., C. M. Rightmire and R.K. Vempat. 2000. Ferrous iron treatment of soils contaminated with wood-preserving solution. Soil and Sediment Contamination 9: 375-405.
  30. Polemio, M., N. Senesi, and S. A. 1982b. Soil contamination by metals. A survey in industrial and rural areas of Sonthem Italy. The Scince of Total Environment 25: 71-79.
  31. Redman, A. D., D. L. Macalady and D. Ahmann. 2002. Natural organic matter affects arsenic speciation and sorption onto hematite. Environmental Science and Technology. 36: 2889-2896.
  32. Schwertmann, U. and R.M. Taylor. 1989. Iron oxids: minerals in soil environments. SSSA Book Ser., 1. 379-427.
  33. Shaw, J. and L. T. West. 2002. Sesquioxides. p. 1192-1196. In R. Lal (ed.) Encyclopedia of soil science. Marcel Dekker, New York.
  34. Sheppard, S. C. 1992. Summary of Phytotoxic Levels of Soil Arsenic. Water Air Soil Pollution. 64: 539-550.
  35. Smedley, L. and D. G. Kinniburgh. 2002. A review of the source, behavior and distribution of arsenic in natural waters. Applied Geochemistry. 17: 517-568.
  36. Smith, E., R. Naidu and A. M. Alston. 1998. Arsenic in the soil environment: A review. Advances in Agronomy. 64:149–195.
  37. Smith, E., R. Naidu and A. M. Alston. 1999. Chemistry of arsenic in soils: I. Sorption of arsenate and arsenite by four Australian soils. Journal of Environmental Quality. 28: 1719-1726.
  38. Smith, E., R. Naidu and A. M. Alston. 2002. Chemistry of inorganic arsenic in soils: II. Effect of phosphorus, sodium, and calcium on arsenic sorption. Journal of Environmental Quality 31: 557-563.
  39. Souri B., M. Watanabe and K. 2006. Contribution of Parker and Product indexes to evaluate weathering conditions of Yellow brown Forest soils in Japan. Geoderma, 130: 346–355.
  40. Thanabalasingam, P. and W. F. Pickering. 1986. Arsenic sorption by humic acids. Environmental Pollution. 12: 233-246.
  41. Tunesi, S., V. Poggi and G. Gessa. 1999. Phosphate arsorption and precipitation in calcareous soils. Nutrient Cycling in Agro-ecosystems 53: 219-227.
  42. Violante, A. and M. Pigna. 2002. Competitive sorption of arsenate and phosphate on different clay minerals and soils. Soil Science Society of American Journal. 66: 1788-1796.
  43. Warren, G. P. and B. J. Alloway. 2003. Reduction of arsenic uptake by lettuce with ferrous sulfate applied to contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Quality. 32: 767-772.
  44. Wauchope, R. D. 1975. Fixation arsenical herbicides, phosphate and arsenate in alluvial soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 4: 355-358.
  45. Xu, H., B. Allard and A. Grimvall. 1988. Influence of pH and organic substance on the adsorption of As(V) on geologic materials. Water Air and Soil Pollution 40: 293–305.
  46. Xu, H., B. Allard and A. Grimvall. 1991. Effects of acidification and natural organic materials on the mobility of arsenic in the environment. Water Air Soil Pollution. 57: 269–278.
  47. Xu, Y., T. Nakajima and A. Ohki. 2002. Adsorption and removal of arsenic(V) from drinking water by aluminum-loaded Shirasu-zeolite. Journal of Hazardous Materials 92(3): 275–287.