Investigation of plant density and nitrogen levels on maize phyllochron and leaf appearance rate

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph. D. Student, Islamic Azad University of Tabriz

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Breeding Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ardabil

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Breeding Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universcity of Uormia

Abstract

In order to investigate the effect of plant density and nitrogen levels on leaf appearance rete of corn, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with  three replications was conducted in Ardabil Agriculture Research Station in 2005 . Factors were: nitrogen levels in main plots (0,75 and 150 kg N ha-1 ) and plant densities in sub plots (7, 9 and 11 plants m-2) The results showed that the effect of plant density , nitrogen levels and the interaction of the studied factors were significant on phyllochron and leaf  appearance rate. With increased nitrogen levels, the phyllochron was decreased but rate of  leaf appearance was increased, the revers with increasing plant density, the phyllochron  was increased but rate of leaf appearance was decreased. Maximum leaf appearance rate and minimun of phyllocron was obtained at density of 7 plants m-2  with 150 Kg N ha-1. The  highest vegetative growth period and yield of corn was obtained with increasing plant density and it was found maximum in density of 11 plants m-2 and 150 Kg N ha-1 . Flowering coincidence period duration was decreased with increase in plant density but it wasn't  effected by nitrogen levels. Flowering coincidence period was effected by plant density Í nitrogen levels lnteraction. Mean comparison showed that maximum flowering coincidence period was obtained in densityof 7 plants m-2 with application 75 Kg N ha-1. Therefore, with increasing plant density and leves nitrogen, increased corn yield, so it was suggested that in order to increasing leaf appearance rate and grain yield was respectively applied 7 and  11  plant density with 150 kg N ha-1

Keywords

References

  1. امام، ی و م، نیک نژاد 1373. مقدمه ای بر فیزیولوژی عملکرد گیاهان زراعی، انتشارات دانشگاه شیراز.
  2. رفیعی، م و م، کریمی 1377. اثر شوری بر فیلوکرون و شدت ظهور برگ چغندر قند، پنجمین کنگره زراعت و اصلاح نباتات ایران، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان.
  3. سید شریفی، ر ، ع. جوانشیر، م. ر. شکیبا ، ک. قاسمی ، ا. محمدی. 1384، ارزیابی مراحل نموی ذرت متاثر از تراکم و دوره های مختلف تداخل سورگم، دانش کشاورزی، جلد 15 شماره 3.
  4. کوچکی ، ع. م. ح. راشد محصل، م. نصیری ور. صدرآبادی. 1373 مبانی فیزیولوژی رشد و نمو گیاهان زراعی. انتشارات آستان قدس رضوی.
  5. Albert, D.G , and P.S , Carberry , 1993. The intluence of water deficit prior to tassel initiation on maize growth, development and yield. Field Crop Research. 31 :55 – 59. appearance in winter wheat. Plant Cell Environ.3:285 – 287.
  6. baker, J.T, P.J, Pinter Reginato and E.T , Kanemasu, 1986. Effects of temperature on leat appearance in spring and winter wheat cultivars. Agro J.78:605 – 613.
  7. Begonia G.B, J.D. Hesketh, J.R Frederich and W.T.Pettigrew. 1987. Factors affecting leaf duration in soybean and maize. Photosynthetica. 21:285 – 295.
  8. Boone, M.Y.L, R.W, Richman and F.D, Whisler, 1990. leaf appearance rate of two wheat cultivars under high carbon dioxide conditions. Agron J.82:718 – 724.
  9. Costa C.L.M.Dwyer D.W.Strwart. and D.L.Smith.1997. Nitrogen effects on grain yield and yield components of leafy and nonleafy. Crop Sci.42:1556 – 1563.
  10. Cox, W.J. 1996. whole plant physiological and yield response of maize to plant density. Agro. J.88:489 – 496.
  11. Dale J.E and R.G, Wilson. 1978. A comparison of leaf and ear development in barely cultivars as affected by nitrogen supply. Journal of Agricultural Science. 90:503 – 508.
  12. Daynard, T.B. and J.F. Muldoon. 1983. Plant to plant variability of maize plants grown at different densities. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 63:45 – 59.
  13. Dennis, J.Woledge.1985. The effect of nitrogenous fertilizer on the photosynthesis and growth of white clover perennial ryegrass swards. Annals of Botany. 55:171 – 178.
  14. Dwyer, L.M. and D.W.Stewart.1986. leaf area development in field – grown maize. Agro. J.78:334 – 343.
  15. Early, E.B. W.D. Mcllrath, R.D. Seif and R.H.Hageman. 1967. Effects of shade applied at different stages of plant development on corn ( Zea mays L. ) Production. Crop Sci. 7:151 – 1.
  16. R.H , R.J. Summer, G.O.Edmeades and E.d. Roberts. 1992. Photoperied, temperature and the interval from sowing to tassel initiation in diverse cultivars of maize. Crop Sci. 32:1225 – 1232.
  17. Frank, A.B, and A.Bauer, 1995. Phyllochron differences in wheat, barley and forage grasses. Crop Sci. 35:19 – 23.
  18. Hanway, J.J.1963. Growth stage of corn. Agro. J. 55:485 – 492.
  19. Jame, Y.W, H.W. Guttorth. And J.T, Ritche. 220. Temperature function for leaf appearance rete in wheat and corn. http:// pubs.nrc – cnrc. Gc.ca/aic – Journals/jam. 99.
  20. Jamieson, P.D, I.R. Brooking, J.R.Porter, and D.R. Wilson, 1995. Prediction of leaf appearance in wheat, a question of temperature. Fiele Crops Res. 41:35 – 44.
  21. Kiniry, J.R, 1991. Maize phasic development. In : Hanks, R.J. Ritchie, J.T. ( Eds), Modeling Plant and Soil Systems. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, Wl, pp. 55 – 69.
  22. Kiniry, J.R. and R.Bongomme. 1991. Predicting maize phenology. In: Hodges (ed) physiological aspects of predictiong crop phenology. CRC Press. Boca Raton 115-131 , lorida.
  23. Kirby, E.J.M, and M.W Perry, 1987. Leaf emergence rates of wheat in a Mediterranean environment. Aust. J.Agric. Res. 38: 455 – 464.
  24. Kirby EJM. 1995. Factors affecting rate of leaf emergence in barely and wheat. Crop Sci. 35: 11 – 19.
  25. Al, J.W.Pendelton and G.H.Dungan. 1956. influence of population and nitrogen levels on yield and protein and oil contents of nine corn hybrids. Agro. J. 48:284 – 289.
  26. A.L. J.Pendleton. and G.H.Dungan. 1986. influence of population and nitrogen levels on yield and protein and oil content of nine corn hybrids. Agro. J. 48:284 – 289.
  27. Lemcoff, J.H. and R.S.Loomis. 1986. Nitrogen influence on yield determination in mazie. Crop Sci. 26:1017 – 1022.
  28. Loneragan J.K.Snowball , and A.Robson 1980. Copper supply in relation to content and redistribution of vopper among organs of the wheat plant. Annals of Botany. 45:621 – 632.
  29. Longnecker N.RD.Grahm, and G.Card 1991. Effects of manganese deficienciy on the pattern of tillering and development of barley ( Hordeum vulgare cv. Galleon ). Field Crops Research. 28:85 – 102.
  30. Longnecker N.EG.M.Kirby and A.Robson. 1993a. leaf emergence. Tiller growth, and apical development of nitrogen-dafficient spring wheat. Crop Sci. 33:154-160.
  31. Longnecker N,J. J. Slater, and A.Robson. 1993b. copper supply and the leaf emergence rate of spring wheat. Plant and soil. 155\156:457-459.
  32. longnecker N, and A.Robson. 1994. leaf emergence of spring wheat receiving varying nitrogen supply at different stage of development. Annals of Botany.
    74:1 – 7.
  33. Marta Vinocu, G. and T.Joe Ritche. 2001. Maize leaf development baises caused by air apex temperature differences. Agro. J.93:767 – 772.
  34. McMaster, G.S. and DE. Smika. 1988. Estimation and evaluation of winter wheat phenology in the central Great Plans. Agric Forest 43:1 – 18.
  35. McMaster, G.S, W.W.Wilhelm, and J.A. Morgan, 1992. Simulating winter wheat shoot apex phenology. J.Agric. Sci. 119:1 – 12.
  36. McMaster, G.S, 1997. Phenology development and growth of the wheat short apex , a review. Adv. Agro. 59 : 63 – 118.
  37. Mc Cullough, D.E , P.H Girardin M.Mihajlovic. and M.Tollenaar. 1994. influence of N supply on development and dry matter accumulation of an old and a new maize hybrid. Canadian. Journal of Plant Science. 74 : 471- 477.
  38. MC Williams, D.A, D.R Berglund, and G.J. Endres. 1999. corn growth and management quick guide.htt://www.ext.nodak.edu / ext pubs / plantsci / row crops / a 1173. htm.
  39. Milford , G.F.J, T.O.Pocock J.Riley. and A.Messem.1985. An analysis of leaf growth in sugerbeet and leaf expansion in field crops. Annals of Applied Biology. 106:187 – 203.
  40. Muldoon T.B Daynard, B. Van Duinen, J.F. and M.Tollenaar.1984. Comparisons among rates of appearance of leaf tips, collars, and leaf area in maize ( Zea mays L. ). Maydica. 29 : 109 – 120.
  41. Peaslee DE. 1977. Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus , and potassium nutrition on yield, rates of kernel growth and grain filling periods of two corn hybrids. Communications in soil science and plant Analysis 8:373 – 389.
  42. Rawson HM,M.Zajac, and LDJ. Penerson 1998. Efeect of seedling tempretur and its duration on development of wheat cultivars differing in vernalizing response. Field crop Research 57:131 – 157.
  43. Ritchie, J.T. and D.S.Nesmith, 1991. Temperature and crop development. In : Hanks , R.J, Ritchie J.T. ( Eds ). Modeling Plant and Soil System. ASA , CSSA, and SSSA, Madison , Wl, pp. 5 – 28.
  44. Rudha , Al. M.S. and A.H.Al – younis. 1978. The effect of row – spacings and nitrogen levels on yield, yield components and quality of maize ( Zea mayz L. ). Iriaqi Journal of Agricultural Science, 13:235 – 252. in : Field crops Abstracts, 1981, 34 (1) : 51 – 60.
  45. Steven, w. 1993. How a corn plant develops. Lowa state university of science and Technology. Cooperative extension service Ames. Lowa.
  46. Tollenaar, M.A.Dibo, S.F.Weise and C.J.Swanton. 1994 a. Effect of crop density on weed interference in maize. Agro. J. 86 : 591 – 595.
  47. Tollenaar M.S.P.Nissanka, A.Aguilera, S.F.Weise. and C.J.Swanton. 1994b. Effect of weed interference and soil N on four maize hybrids. Agro.J. 86: 596 – 601.
  48. WarringtonJ. and E.T.Kanemasu. 1983. corn growth response to temperature and photoperiod. ll : Leaf initiation and leaf appearance rates. Agron . J. 75:755 – 761.
  49. Wilhelm , WW. And GS. McMaster. 1995 the importance of the phyllochron in studying the development of grasses. Crop Sci. 35 : 1 – 3 .  
Iranian Journal of Soil Research
Volume 21, Issue 2
February 2008
Pages 159-169

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics