Evaluating the Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on Nutrient Uptake and Corn Yield in A Compacted Soil

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 This paper is taken from a Ph.D. thesis in soils, Tarbiat Modares University. Ph.D. in Soil Science

2 Professor at Soil and Water Research Institute

3 Professor of Soil Science, Tarbiat Modares University, respectively.

Abstract

The continuous use of agricultural machinery in the field results in soil compaction with many long term effects on the physical and chemical properties of the soil and in the case of improper field management may alter and deteriorate soil physical properties. For example the alteration of root depth that results from soil compaction influences water and nutrient uptake as well as the amount of energy and fertilizer used in crop production and eventually affects the environmental conditions, soil fertility and economic returns because soil compaction reduces nutrient uptake and hence decreases plant yields. Biological methods that employ symbiotic fungi (arbuscular mycorrhizae, AM) may be considered to reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on plant growth. Based on these considerations two years of field experiments were conducted using different species of arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the effects of soil compaction on corn nutrient uptake and yield. The experiments were conducted in the research field of Soil and Water Research Institute in Meshkin-Dasht, Karaj using three levels of compaction (in the first year) and three species of arbuscular mycorrhiza in four replicates. In the second year, with regard to the first year’s results, an extra level of compaction was added. Using a penetrometer, soil resistance for different soil compaction treatments at certain soil moistures was measured. Soil bulk density was also measured. Corn height, leaf fresh and dry weights and corn yield as well as concentrations of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu in corn leaf were measured. The results demonstrated that compaction treatments were significantly different. AM treatments significantly increased corn growth parameters and yield. In AM treatments nutrient uptake increased at different levels of soil compaction, though the effectiveness of AM decreased with increasing compaction. It may be concluded that, through increasing nutrient uptake, AM decreases the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn growth resulting in increased corn yield, and this 

Keywords

References

  1. رجالی، ف. 1382. تهیه مایه تلقیح قارچهای میکوریز آربسکولار به روش درون شیشه ای و بررسی اثرآن در افزایش جذب عناصر غذایی در گیاه گندم با تنش خشکی. رساله نامه دکتری دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
  2. رضایی، ل. 1382. اثر همزیستی سه گانه مایکوریزا-ریزوبیوم-لگوم در افزایش جذب عناصر غذایی و مقاومت به خشکی در گیاه یونجه تحت تنش رطوبتی. پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات.
  3. شیرانی، ا., ع. علیزاده، هاشمی دزفولی. 1379. بررسی اثر قارچ میکوریز وسیکولار-آربسکولار، فسفر و تنش خشکی برکارایی جذب عناصر غذایی در گیاه گندم. نشریه علمی پژوهشی نهال وبذر جلد 16 شماره 3. ص 327 تا 349. موسسه
  4. تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر.
  5. شیرانی، ا., ع. علیزاده، هاشمی دزفولی. 1379. بررسی قارچ میکوریز وسیکولار-آربسکولار،باکتری Bradyrhizobium japonicum و فسفر بر کارایی جذب برخی از عناصر غذایی در سویا. نشریه علمی پژوهشی نهال وبذر. جلد 16. شماره 2. ص. 172تا 191، موسسه تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال وبذر.
  6. علی اصغرزاده، ن. 1379. بررسی پراکنش و تراکم جمعیت قارچهای میکوریز آربسکولار در خاکهای شور دشت تبریز و تعیین اثرات تلقیح آنها در بهبود تحمل پیاز و جو به تنش شوری. پایان نامه دکتری دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران.
  7. Al-Adawi, S. S. and R. Reeder. 1996. Compaciton and subsoiling effects on corn and soybean yields and soil physical properties. Trans. ASAE, 39: 1641-1649.
  8. Amora-Lazcano, E., M. M. Vazquez, R. Azcon. Response of nitrogen transforming microorganisms to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 27: 65-70.
  9. Amora-Lazcano, R. and R. Azcon. 1997. Response of sulfur cycling microorganisms to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of maize. Applied Soil Ecology, 6: 217-222.
  10. Amora-Lazcano, E., M. M. Vazquez, R. Azcon. Response of nitrogen transforming microorganisms to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 27: 65-70.
  11. Berta, G., A. Trotta, A. Fusconi, J. E. Hooker, M. Munro, D. Arkinson, M. Giovannetti, S. Morini, P. Furtuna, B. Tisserant, V. Gianinazzi-Pearson, S. Gianiniazzi. 1995. Arbuscular mycorrhizal induced changes to plant growth and root system morphology in Prunus cerasifera. Tree Physiology, 15: 281-293.
  12. Boone, F. R., J.Bouma, and L. A. de Smet. 1978. A case study on the effect of compaction on potato growth in a loamy sand soil. I. Physical measurements and rooting patterns. Netherland Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 26: 405-420.
  13. Bouwman, L. A., Arts B.M. (2000). Effects of soil compaction on the relationships between nematodes, grass production and soil physical properties. Applied Soil Ecology, 14: 213–222.
  14. Brundett, M. C., D. A. Jasper, N. Ashwath. 1999. Glomalean mycorrhizal fungi from tropical Australia II. The effect of nutrinet levels and host species on the isolation of fungi. Mycorrhiza, 8: 315-321.
  15. Chen, B., Chrisite, P., Li, X. 2001. A modified glass bead compartment cultivation system for studies on nutrient and trace metal uptake by arbuscular mycorrhiza. Chemosphre, 42: 185-192.
  16. Clark, R. B. 1997. Arbuscular mycorrhizal adaptation, spore germination, root colonization, and host plant growth and mineral acquisition at low pH. Plant and Soil, 192: 15-22.
  17. Clark, R. B. and S. K. Zeto. 2000. Mineral acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 23: 867-902.
  18. Grant, C. A., G.A. Petersond, C. A. Campbell. 2002. Nutrient Considerations for Diversified Cropping Systems in the Northern Great Plains. Agronomy Journal, 94:186-198.
  19. Gupta, M. L., K. K. Janardhanan. Mycorrhizal association of Glomus aggregatuom with palmarosa enhances growth and biomass. Plant and Soil, 131: 261-263.
  20. Faber, B. A., R. J. Zasoski, R. G. Burau, K. Uriu. 1990. Zinc uptake by corn as affected by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae. Plant and Soil, 129: 121-130.
  21. Feldmann, F. and Idczak, E. (1992). Inoculum production of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for use in tropical nurseries. Methods in Microbiology, pp. 339-357. Volume 24. Academic Press Limited.
  22. Hakansson, I., W. B. Voorhees. 1998. Soil Compaction. In Lal, R., W.H. Blum, C. Valentine, B.A. Stewart (Eds.), Methods for Assessment of Soil Degradation. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 167-179.
  23. Horn, R., H. Domzal, Anna Slowinska-Jurkiewicz and C. van Ouwerkerk. 1995. Soil compaction processes and their effects on the structure of arable soils and environment. Soil and Tillage Research, 35: 23-36.
  24. Ishaq, M., M. Ibrahim, A. Hassan, M. Saeed, R. Lal. 2001. Subsoil compaction effects on crops in Punjab, Pakistan. II. Root growth and nutrient uptake of wheat and sorghum. Soil Tillage research. 60: 153-161.
  25. Jensen, L. S., D. J. McQueen and T. G. Shepherd. 1996. Effects of soil compaction on N-mineralization and microbial-C and –N. I. Field measurements. Soil and Tillage Research, 38: 175-188.
  26. Kuchenbuch, R. and K. T. Ingram. 2004. Effects of soil bulk density on seminal and lateral roots of young maize plants (Zea mays). Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 167 (2) 229-235.
  27. Mahaveer, P. S., Singh, R., Adholeya, A. 2000. Laboratory manual for basic techniques in arbuscular mycorrhizal research. Center for Mycorrhizal Research, Tata Energy Research Institute, New Dehli.
  28. Marschener, H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, second ed., Academic Press, London.
  29. Marschener, H. and B. Dell. 1994. Nutrient uptake in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant and Soil. 159: 89-102.
  30. Miransari M., H. A. Bahrami, M. J. Malakouti, D. Smith, F. Rejali. Proceedings of the 4th International Iran and Russia Conference “Agriculture and Natural Resources”.
  31. Nadian, H., Smith, S. , Alston, A. M., Murray, R. S. 1996. The effects of soil compaction on growth and P uptake by Trifolium subterraneum: Interactions with mycorrhizal colonisation. Plant and Soil, 182(1): 39-49.
  32. Nadian, H. S. E. Smith, A. M. Alston and R. S. Murray. 1997. Effects of soil compaction on plant growth, phosphorous uptake and morphological characteristics of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of Trifolium New Phytologist, 135: 303-311.
  33. Nadian H., S. E. Smith, A. M. Alston, R. S. Murray and B. D. Siebert .1998. Effects of soil compaction on phosphorus uptake and growth of Trifolium subterraneum colonized by four species of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Cambridge Journals Online. 140: 155-165.
  34. O’Sullivan, M. F., Simota. C. (1995). Modelling the environmental impacts of soil compaction: a review. Soil and Tillage Research, 35: 69-84.
  35. Sanchez-Giron, V., Andreu, E., Hernanz, J. L. (1998). Response of five types of soil to simulated compaction in the form of confined uniaxial compression tests. Soil and Tillage Research, 48:37-50.
  36. Sas Institute Inc. 1990. SAS/STAT user’s guide. Version 6. Fourth Edition. Statistical Analysis Institiute Inc., Cary North Carolina.
  37. Sood S. G. 2003. Chemotactic response of plant-growth-promoting bacteria towards roots of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal tomato plants. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 45(3): 219-227.
  38. Steel, R. G. D. and J. H. 1980. Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometrical approach. Second edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
  39. Strandberg, M., M. Johanson. Uptake of nutrients in Calluna vulgaris seed plants grown with and without mycorrhiza. Forest Ecology and Management, 114: 129-135.
  40. Subramanian, K. S. and C. Charest. 1999. Acquisition of N by external hyphae of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and its impact on physiological responses in maize under drought-stressed and well-watered conditions. Mycorrhiza, 9: 69-75.
  41. Sylvia, D. 2003. http://dmsylvia.ifas.ufl.edu/mycorrhiza.htm. University of Florida, U.S.A.
  42. Sylvia, D. M., and S. E. Williams. 1992. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae and environmental stresses. In Mycorrhiza in Sustainable Agriculture. G. Bethlenfalvay and R. Linderman (eds). Special Publication Number 54, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. Pp. 101-124.
  43. Toshihiro Aono, Maldonado-Mendoza, I. E, Dewbre, G. R., Harrison, M. J. and Saito, M. 2004. Expression of alkaline phosphatase genes in arbuscular mycorrrhizas. New phytologist. 162: 525-534.
Iranian Journal of Soil Research
Volume 20, Issue 1
May 2006
Pages 101-115

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics