مقایسه برخی شاخص‌های فیزیکو-شیمیایی و میکروبی خاک در سال‌های پس از آتش سوزی در جنگل‌های زاگرس شهرستان پاوه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشگاه رازی

2 استادیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشگاه رازی

3 استادیار گروه منابع طبیعی دانشگاه رازی

چکیده

با افزایش فراوانی آتش­سوزی­ها در جنگل­های زاگرس، بررسی کیفیت خاک در کوتاه و بلند­مدت بسیار با اهمیت است. در این پژوهش تغییرات برخی ویژگی­های فیزیکی-شیمیایی و ویژگی­های میکروبی در کوتاه­مدت، میان­مدت و بلند­مدت پس از آتش­سوزی مورد مقایسه قرار گرفت. برای این منظور، در یک رویشگاه سه تیمار پساآتش­سوزی با زمان­های1، 3 و 10 سال پس از آتش­سوزی انتخاب و به ترتیب با TSF=1، TSF=3 و TSF=10 نشان داده شد. در نزدیک­ترین نقطه به هر تیمار، یک شاهد نیز برای هر یک از تیمارها در نظر گرفته و به ترتیب با C1، C3 و C10 نشان داده شد. نمونه­برداری از عمق0 تا 20 سانتی­متری انجام شد. در مجموع با در نظر گرفتن 3 تیمار پساآتش­سوزی و 3 شاهد و هر کدام با 4 تکرار در مجموع تعداد 24 نمونه مرکب خاک برداشته شد. برخی ویژگی­های فیزیکو شیمیایی و میکروبی خاک به منظور مقایسه تغییرات آنها در سال­های پس از آتش­سوزی اندازه­گیری و تجزیه و تحلیل شد. نتایج نشان داد که تغییر معنی­داری در بافت خاک مشاهده نشد. رطوبت خاک در تیمارTSF=1 کاهش معنی­داری یافت اما در تیمارهای TSF=3 و TSF=10 به سطح قبل از آتش­سوزی برگشت. جرم مخصوص ظاهری در تیمارهای TSF=1 و TSF=3 کاهش یافت اما تیمار TSF=10 با C1 اختلاف معنی­داری نداشت.pH ، CEC،EC  و P در تیمار TSF=1 افزایش معنی­داری نسبت به C1 نشان داد. در تیمارهای TSF=3 و TSF=10، مقدارpH  و CEC به سطح قبل از آتش­سوزی برگشته اما EC و P خاک نسبت به شاهد کاهش معنی­دار داشتند. کربن آلی و نیتروژن کل در همه زمان­های پس از آتش­سوزی کاهش معنی­دار داشت. نسبت C:N خاک تغییر معنی­داری نشان نداد. کربن زی توده میکروبی یک سال پس از آتش­سوزی کاهش معنی­داری نشان داد، اما در تیمار TSF=3 و TSF=10 اختلاف معنی­داری با شاهد نداشت. تنفس برانگیخته در تیمار TSF=1 به طور معنی­داری افزایش یافت اما در تیمارهای TSF=3 و TSF=10 کاهشی معنی­دار داشت. تنفس پایه در تیمارهای TSF=1، TSF=3 و TSF=10 کاهش معنی­داری نسبت به شاهدشان نشان دادند. کسر متابولیک در تیمارهای TSF=1 و TSF=3 افزایش معنی­داری نسبت به شاهد نشان داد اما در تیمار TSF=10 به سطح قبل از آتش­سوزی بهبود یافت. کسر میکروبی در تیمار TSF=1 نسبت به شاهد کاهش یافت اما در تیمار TSF=3 افزایش در تیمار TSF=10 به سطح قبل از آتش­سوزی بهبود یافت. با توجه به نتایج آنالیز چند متغیره (تشخیصی) همه تیمارها از یکدیگر تفکیک شدند. گرچه جداسازی تیمارها بر اساس ویژگی­های فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک نسبت به ویژگی­های میکروبی خاک بهتر انجام شده بود. نتیجه­گیری شد که در جداسازی تیمارها، مهم­ترین متغیرهای فیزیکوشیمیایی شامل هدایت الکتریکی، نیتروژن، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی و فسفر و مهم­ترین متغیرهای میکروبی شامل کربن زی توده میکروبی، تنفس پایه و برانگیخته و کسر میکروبی بودند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparing Some Physicochemical and Microbial Indices of Soil in Different Years after Fire in Zagros Forests in Paveh County

نویسندگان [English]

  • M. Sadeghifar 1
  • A. Beheshti Ale Agha 2
  • M. Pourreza 3
1 M.Sc. Graduate student, Razi University
2 Assistant Professor, Razi University
3 Assistant Professor, Razi University
چکیده [English]

With increase in fire frequency in the Zagros forests, long term and short term evaluation of soil quality is very important. In this study, changes in some physico-chemical and microbial properties of soils were compared in short, medium and long-term after fire. For this purpose, three post-fire treatments were selected and labeled as TSF=1, TSF=3 and TSF=10 years after fire. In the nearest neighbor of each fire treatment a relevant unburned area was selected as the control and labeled as C1, C3 and C10, corresponding to the post-fire treatments. Soil sampling was performed from the depth of 0-20 cm in 4 replications. Overall, 24 composite soil samples were collected for post-fire treatments and their relevant controls. Some physicochemical and microbial properties were measured in soil samples. Results showed no changes in soil texture. Soil saturated moisture decreased for TSF=1, while it was recovered for TSF=3 and TSF=10. Soil bulk density decreased both in TSF=1 and TSF=3, while no changes were observed for TSF=10 compared to C10. There was a significant increase in soil pH, CEC, EC, and P for TSF=1 compared to C1. However, for TSF=3 and TSF=10, pH and CEC were recovered to the pre-fire level and soil P and EC were significantly lower than their controls. Soil organic carbon and N remained significantly lower than their control in all treatments. No significant change was observed in soil C:N ratio in any treatment. Microbial carbon biomass significantly decreased for TSF=1 compared to C1, while no significant changes were observed for TSF=3 and TSF=10 compared to C3 and C10, respectively. Soil induced respiration increased significantly for TSF=1, while it decreased significantly for TSF=3 and TSF=10 controls. Soil basal respiration significantly decreased in all post-fire treatments compared to their controls. Metabolic quotient significantly increased for TSF=1 and TSF=3, however, it recovered in TSF=10 to the pre-fire level. There was a significant decrease in microbial quotient for TSF=1, however, it increased significantly for TSF=3 and recovered to the pre-fire level for TSF=10. All the treatments were significantly discriminated using multivariate analysis (discriminant analysis). It was concluded that EC, N, CEC, and P were the most important physicochemical properties while microbial biomass carbon, basal and induced respiration, and microbial quotient were the most important microbial properties of soil for discriminating treatments. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Microbial carbon biomass
  • Metabolic quotient
  • Soil respiration

مراجع

بهشتی آل آقا، ع.، ف. رئیسی و ا. گلچین. 1390. تأثیر تغییر کاربری اراضی از مرتع به زمین زراعی بر شاخص­های میکروبیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی خاک. نشریه آب و خاک (علوم و صنایع کشاورزی). 25 (3): صفحات 562-548.
2. Alef, K., and P. Nannipieri. 1995. Methods in applied soil microbiology and biochemistry. Academic Press, London, UK.
3. Anderson, T.H. 2003. Microbial eco-physiological indicators to assess soil quality. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 98:285-293.
4. Balota, E.L., A. Colozzi-Filho, D.S. Andrade, and R.P. Dick. 2003. Microbial biomass in soils under different tillage and crop rotation systems. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 38:15-20.
5. Bárcenas-Moreno, G., F. García-Orenes, J. Mataix-Solera, G. Mataix-Beneyto, and E. Baath. 2011. Soil microbial recolonisation after a fire in a Mediterranean forest. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 47(3):261-272.
6. Bouyoucos, G.J. 1962. Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analysis of soils. Agron. J. 54: 464-465.
7. Burke, R.A., R.G. Zepp, M.A. Tarr, W.L. Miller, and B.J. Stocks. 1997. Effect of fire on soil-atmosphere exchange of methane and carbon dioxide in Canadian boreal forest sites. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 102:29289-29300.
8. Cerda, A., and S. Doerr. 2005. Influence of vegetation recovery on soil hydrology anderodibility following fire: an 11-year investigation. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 14(4):423-437.
9. Certini, G. 2005. Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia. 143:1–10.
10. D’Ascoli, R., F.A. Rutigliano, R.A. De Pascale, A. Gentile, and A.V. De Santo. 2005. Functional diversity of the microbial community in Mediterranean maquis soils as affected by fires. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 14:355-363.
11. DeBano, L.F. 1981. Water repellent soils: a state of the art. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW.
12. DeBano, L.F., D.G. Neary, and P.F. Ffolliott. 1998. Fire's Effects on Ecosystems. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 333 pp.
13. Doran, J.W., and M.R. Zeiss. 2000. Soil Health and Sustainability: Managing the Biotic Component of Soil Quality. Applied soil ecology. 15:3-11.
14. Dumontet, S., H. Dinel, A. Scopa, A. Mazzatura, and A. Saracino. 1996. Postfire soil microbial biomass and nutrient content of a pine forest soil from dunal Mediterranean environment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 28:1467-1475.
15. Fattahi, M., N. Ansari, H.R. Abbasi, and M. Khan Mohammadi. 2000. Management of Zagros forests (case study: Darbadam forests in province of Kermanshah, Iran). Basic study, No.240. Forest Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, in Iranian. 474 pp.
16. Fernandez, I., A. Cabaneiro, T. Carballas. 1999. Carbon mineralization dynamics in soils after wildfires in two Galician forests. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 31:1853-1865.
17. Fioretto, A., S. Papa, and A. Pellegrino. 2005. Effects of fire on soil respiration, ATP content and enzyme activities in Mediterranean maquis. Applied Vegetation Science 8:13-20.
18. Fisher, R F., and D. Binkley. 2000. Ecology and management of forest soils. New York, John Wiley and Sons.
19. Hernandez, T., C. Garcıa, and I. Reinhardt. 1997. Short-term effect of wildfire on the chemical, biochemical and microbiological properties of Mediterranean pine forest soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 25:109-116.
20. Holden, S.R., A. Gutierrez, and K.K. Treseder. 2013. Changes in Soil Fungal Communities, Extracellular Enzyme Activities, and Litter Decomposition across a Fire Chronosequence in Alaskan Boreal Forests. Ecosystems. 16:34-46.
21. Horwath, W.R., and E.A. Paul. 1994. Microbial biomass. P 753- 773, In: D.R. Buxton (Eds), Methods of soil analysis. Part 2: Microbiological and biochemical properties. SSSA Book Series, No.5. Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
22. Jenkinson, D.S., and J.N. Ladd. 1981. Microbial biomass in soil: measurement and turnover. P 415-471, In: A.E. Paul, J.N. Ladd (Eds), Soil Biochemistry. Dekker, New York.
23. Jiménez-González, M.A., J.M De la Rosa, N.T. Jiménez-Morillo, G. Almendros, J.A. González-Pérez, and H. Knicker. 2016. Post-fire recovery of soil organic matter in a Cambisol from typical Mediterranean forest in Southwestern Spain. Science of the Total Environment. 572:1414-1421.
24. Kara, O., and I. Bolat. 2007. Impact of alkaline dust pollution on soil microbial biomass carbon. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 31:181-187.
25. Kara, O., and I. Bolat. 2009. Short-term effects of wildfire on microbial biomass and abundance in black pine plantation soils in Turkey. Ecological Indicators. 9:1151-1155.
26. Luo, Y., and X. Zhou. 2010. Soil Respiration and the Environment. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 316p.
27. Mabuhay, J.A., N. Nakagoshi, and Y. Isagi. 2006. Soil microbial biomass, abundance, and diversity in a Japanese red pine forest: first year after fire. Journal of Forest Research. 11:165-173.
28. Mack, M.C., K.K. Treseder, K.L. Manies, J.W. Harden, E.A. Schuur, J.G. Vogel, J.T. Randerson, and F.S. Chapin. 2008. Recovery of aboveground plant biomass and productivity after fire in mesic and dry black spruce forests of interior Alaska. Ecosystems. 11:209-25.
29. Marinari, S., R. Mancinelli, E. Campiglia, and S. Grego. 2006. Chemical and biological indicators of soil quality in organic and conventional farming systems in Central Italy. Ecological Indicators. 6:701-711.
30. Martinez-Salgado, M.M., V. Gutiérrez-Romero, M. Jannsens, and R. Ortega-Blu. 2010. Biological soil quality indicators: a review. P 319-328, In: A. Mendez-Vilas (Eds), Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology. Formatex Research Center, Spain.
31. McLean, O.P. 1982. Soil PH and lime requirement. P 199-224, In: A.L. Page, R.H. Miller and D.R. Keeney (Eds), Methods of soil analysis, Part 2. Chemical and biological properties, Medison.
32. Mu˜noz-Rojas, M., T.E. Erickson, D. Martinia, K.W. Dixon, and D.J. Merritt. 2016a. Soil physicochemical and microbiological indicators of short, medium and long term post-fire recovery in semi-arid ecosystems. Ecological Indicators. 63:14-22.
33. Muñoz-Rojas, M., W. Lewandrowski, T.E. Erickson, K.W. Dixon, and D.J. Merritt. 2016b. Soil respiration dynamics in fire affected semi-arid ecosystems: Effects of vegetation type and environmental factors. Science of the Total Environment. 572:1385-1394.
34. Neary, D.G., K.C. Ryan, and L.F. DeBano. 2005. Wildland fire in ecosystems Effects of fire on soil and water. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42-vol 4, Ogden, UT.
35. Pietikainen, J., and H. Fritze. 1995. Clear-cutting and prescribed burning in coniferous forest: comparison of effects on soil fungal and total microbial biomass, respiration activity and nitrification. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 27:101-109.
36. Pourreza, M., S.M. Hosseini, A.A. Safari Sinegani, M. Matinizadeh, and W.A. Dick. 2014. Soil microbial activity in response to fire severity in Zagros oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) forests, Iran, after one year. Geoderma. 213:95-102.
37. Pyne, S.J. 1984. Introduction to wildland fire: fire management in the United States. Wiley, New York.
38. QU, L., K. Ma, X. Xu, L. Wang, and K. Sasa. 2009. Effects of post-fire conditions on soil respiration in boreal forests with special reference to Northeast China forests. Frontiers of Biology in China. 4(2):180-186
39. Rawls, W.J. 1983. Estimating soil bulk density from particle size analyses and organic matter content. Soil Science. 135:123-125.
40. Rayment, G.E., and D.J. Lyons. 2011. Soil Chemical methods–Australasia. CSIRO Pub-lishing, Australia.
41. Rey, A., E. Pegoraro, C. Oyonarte, A. Were, P. Escribano, and J. Raimundo. 2011. Impact of land degradation on soil respiration in a steppe (Stipa tenacissima L.) semiarid ecosystem in the SE of Spain. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 43:393-403.
42. Suman, A., M. Lal, A.K. Singh, and A. Gaur. 2006. Microbial biomass turnover in Indian subtropical soils under different sugarcane intercropping systems. Agronomy Journal. 98(3):698-704
43. Ulery, A.L., and R.C. Graham. 1993. Forest fire effects on soil color and texture. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 57:135-140.
44. Walkley, A., and I.A. Black. 1934. An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science. 37:29-37.
45. Wang, X., H.S. He, X. Li, Y. Chang, Y. Hu, C. Xu, R. Bu, and F. Xie. 2006. Simulating the effects of reforestation on a large catastrophic fire burned landscape in Northeastern China. Forest Ecology and Management. 225:82-93.
46. Watanabe, F.S., and S.R. Olsen. 1965. Test of an ascorbic acid method for determining phosphorus in water and NaHCO3 extracts from soil. Soil Science Society of America. 29:677-678.
47. Wuthrich, C., D. Schaub, M. Weber, P. Marxer, and M. Conedera. 2002. Soil respiration and soil microbial biomass after fire in a sweet chestnut forest in southern Switzerland. Catena. 48:201-215.
48. Xiang, X., Y. Shi, J. Yang, J. Kong, X. Lin, H. Zhang, J. Zeng, and H. Chu. 2014. Rapid recovery of soil bacterial communities after wildfire in a Chinese boreal forest: Scientific Reports, 4p.
پژوهش های خاک
دوره 32، شماره 1
خرداد 1397
صفحه 97-114

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار