مقایسه اثرات باقیمانده کودهای گوسفندی و گاوی بر برخی صفات کمی و کیفی گندم پائیزه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار پژوهش، بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان غربی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ارومیه، ایران

2 دانشیار پژوهش، موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

چکیده

کودهای حیوانی منابع آلی ارزشمندی برای افزایش ماده آلی خاک و تغذیه محصولات زراعی می­باشند. به­منظور بررسی اثرات باقیمانده دو نوع کود حیوانی بر رشد و عملکرد گندم پائیزه رقم زرین، یک آزمایش مزرعه­ای در ایستگاه تحقیقاتی میاندوآب مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان غربی انجام شد. کودهای حیوانی در سال 1393 مصرف شد. طی مدت سه سال بعد از آن، هیچگونه کودی مصرف نشد و اثرات باقیمانده کودهای حیوانی، در سال­های زراعی 1396 تا 1397 مطالعه شد. تیمارها شامل T1= شاهد، T2=50 تن در هکتار کودگاوی، T3=100 تن در هکتار کودگاوی، T4=50 تن در هکتار کود گوسفندی، و T5=100 تن در هکتار کودگوسفندی در قالب بلوک کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اعمال گردید. نتایج نشان داد که کود گوسفندی در مقایسه با کود گاوی منجر به تولید محصول بیشتری شد. تیمار T4 نسبت به تیمار شاهد، عملکرد دانه و شاخص برداشت بیشتری به ترتیب به میزان 36% و 17% نشان داد درحالیکه، تیمار T5نسبت به تیمار T4 تفاوت معنی­داری نداشت. بالاترین مقادیر نیتروژن (84/1%)، پتاسیم (41/0%)، منیزیم (12/0%)، آهن(mg.kg-1 40/126)، مس (mg.kg-14/16)، روی (mg.kg-17/45) و منگنز (mg.kg-135/33) در دانه و بالاترین مقادیر پتاسیم (76/1%)، آهن (mg.kg-130/269 )، روی ( mg.kg-116/9) و منگنز (mg.kg-108/24 ) در کلش گندم در تیمار T4 ثبت شد. کربن آلی خاک و قابلیت استفاده عناصر به‌ویژه فسفر، روی و آهن در لایه سطحی خاک در کرت­های تحت تیمارهای کود حیوانی، به‌طور معنی­داری نسبت به شاهد بیشتر بود. قبل از انجام آزمایش، کربن آلی خاک 88/0 درصد بود. پس از برداشت محصول، کربن آلی خاک در تیمارهای T2 و T3 به­ترتیب به 99/0% و 36/1% درصد، و در تیمارهای T4 وT5به­ترتیب به 94/0% و 26/1% افزایش یافتند. با توجه به نتایج این تحقیق، استفاده از کود حیوانی استراتژی عملی مؤثری در تولید بهینه محصول و غنی­سازی گندم به دلیل نقش آن در بهبود حاصلخیزی خاک است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of Sheep and Cow Manures Residual Effects on Some Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Winter Wheat

نویسندگان [English]

  • Aziz Majidi 1
  • K. Shahbazi 2
1 Assistant Professor, Soil and Water Research Dept., West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Urmia, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
چکیده [English]

Animal manures are valuable organic sources for soil organic matter and crop nutrition. To evaluate the residual effects of two sources of animal manure on growth and yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) Zarin variety, a field experiment was conducted at Miandoab Research Station, Agricultural and Natural Resource Research and Educational Center of West Azerbaijan, Iran. Manures were used in 2014. In the next three years, no animal manure was applied. Residual effects of manures were determined during winter growing season of 2017-19. The treatments included T1= control, T2= 50 t ha-1 cow manure, T3= 100 t ha-1 cow manure, T4= 50 t ha-1 sheep manure, and T5= 100 t ha-1 sheep manure and were used in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. None of the plots received mineral fertilizers. The results showed that the sheep manure was more efficient than the cow manure. Plots receiving 50 t ha-1 sheep manure showed higher grain yield and harvesting index of 36% and 17%, respectively, compared to control plots, whereas, 100 t ha-1 sheep manure did not show significant yield increase compared to the T4. Significantly higher nitrogen (1.84%), potassium (0.41%), magnesium (0.12%), iron (126.40 mg.kg-1), copper (16.4 mg.kg-1), zinc (45.7 mg.kg-1) and manganese (33.35 mg.kg-1) content in grain and highest potassium (1.76%), iron (269.3 mg.kg-1), zinc (9.16 mg.kg-1) and manganese (24.08 mg.kg-1) content in wheat straw were recorded under treatment T4. The overall results indicate that organic carbon and availability of nutrients, particularly P, Zn, and Fe in the soil surface layer were significantly higher in plots receiving manures compared to the control. Before the experiment, soil organic carbon (SOC) was 0.88%. After harvest, SOC in treatments of 50 and 100 t ha-1  of cow manure increased to 0.99% and 1.36%, and in treatments of 50 and 100 t ha-1 of sheep manure, it increased to 0.94% and 1.26%, respectively. The Results demonstrated that manure application, due to its role in soil fertility improvement, is an effective strategy for efficient production of wheat and enrichment of its grain.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Animal manure
  • Soil organic carbon
  • Soil fertility
  • Wheat grain enrichment

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پژوهش های خاک
دوره 34، شماره 2
شهریور 1399
صفحه 155-167

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