بازتوزیع کاتیون‌های تبادلی در یک خاک شور - سدیمی بر اثر کاربرد مواد بهساز

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده فنی و مهندسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان

2 استاد گروه خاکشناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات تهران

3 استادیار گروه خاکشناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان

4 استادیار پژوهش، مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمان

چکیده

شور و سدیمی‌شدن خاک از جنبه‌های مهم تخریب اراضی به­ویژه در مناطق خشک و نیمه­خشک محسوب می‌شود. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر مواد اصلاح­کننده معدنی و آلی مختلف، در اصلاح خاک شور و سدیمی با تأکید بر بازتوزیع کاتیون­های تبادلی انجام شد. آزمایش­ها به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با 6 تیمار اصلاح­کننده معدنی و آلی شامل؛ شاهد، کود گاوی، تفاله پسته، گچ، کود گاوی + گچ و تفاله پسته + گچ، 2 تیمار آب آبیاری (با و بدون اسید سولفوریک) همگی در 3 تکرار بود که در شرایط آزمایشگاهی و با استفاده از ستون خاک اجرا گردید. چهار مرحله آبیاری به روش متناوب با فواصل زمانی یک ماه هر کدام به میزان یک حجم تخلخل انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که مصرف مواد اصلاح­کننده در خاک، تأثیر معنی­داری بر غلظت کاتیون­های تبادلی و همچنین درصد سدیم تبادلی (ESP) دارد در حالی که مصرف اسید سولفوریک همراه با آب آبیاری، در میزان کاتیون­های دوظرفیتی، اثر معنی­داری نشان نداد. پس از عملیات اصلاح، کمترین مقدار کاتیون­های تک­ظرفیتی تبادلی و همچنین ESP در سطح خاک مشاهده شد و با افزایش عمق، مقدار آنها افزایش یافت در حالی­که کاتیون­های تبادلی دوظرفیتی تغییر معنی­داری با عمق پیدا نکرد. در بین تیمارهای مورد مطالعه، تفاله پسته (با و بدون اسید) و گچ + تفاله پسته (بدون اسید) باعث کاهش سدیم تبادلی نسبت به شاهد شدند در حالی که سایر تیمارها افزایش آن را باعث شدند. همه تیمارها به­ویژه تفاله پسته باعث افزایش پتاسیم تبادلی نسبت به شاهد گردیدند. کود دامی نه تنها کلسیم تبادلی را افزایش نداد بلکه تنها تیماری بود که کاهش آن را نسبت به شاهد به دنبال داشت. مصرف گچ بیشترین تأثیر را در افزایش کلسیم و منیزیم تبادلی نسبت به شاهد داشت هر چند، در حضور اسید سولفوریک برای برخی تیمارها، کاهش منیزیم تبادلی نیز مشاهده شد. نتایج حاکی از آن بود که در حضور اسید سولفوریک، تیمارهای تفاله پسته و گچ بیشترین تأثیر را در کاهش ESP داشته ولی تحت شرایط آبیاری معمولی (بدون مصرف اسید)، تیمار تفاله پسته به تنهایی و یا در ترکیب با گچ، کمترین ESP را ایجاد نمود. همچنین به‌دلیل وجود آهک، کارایی اسید سولفوریک در کاهش سدیم تبادلی بیشتر از گچ بود. در مجموع یافته‌های این تحقیق اهمیت و کارایی مطلوب تفاله پسته را در اصلاح خاک‌های شور و سدیمی تحت آبیاری معمولی روشن ساخت.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Redistribution of Exchangeable Cations in a Saline-Sodic Soil Due to the Application of Different Amendments

نویسندگان [English]

  • N. Yazdanpanah 1
  • Ebrahim Pazira 2
  • A. Neshat 1
  • M. Mahmoodabadi 3
  • H. Naghavi 4
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch
2 Professor, Department of Soil Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Soil Sciences, Agriculture Faculty, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
4 Assistant Professor, Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Centre, Kerman
چکیده [English]

Soil salinity and sodicity are important aspects of land degradation, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This study focused on the effect of different organic and inorganic amendments on saline-sodic soil amelioration with emphasis on the redistribution of exchangeable cations. The experiment was performed as factorial based on complete randomized design using 6 soil treatments including: control, cattle manure, pistachio residue, gypsum, cattle manure+ gypsum, and pistachio residue+ gypsum. Besides, there were two irrigation water treatments: with and without sulfuric acid. All treatments were applied in 3 replicates and the study was conducted in laboratory conditions using soil column. Four intermittent irrigations events with one month intervals and one pore volume per event were applied. The results showed that application of the soil amendments had significant effect on the concentration of exchangeable cations as well as Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP), while addition of sulfuric acid showed no significant influence on bivalent cations. At the end of amelioration process, the lowest amounts of monovalent cations and the ESP were found in the surface layer increasing with soil depth, whereas no significant changes were observed for the bivalent cations. The exchangeable sodium increased in all the applied treatments, except pistachio residue (with and without sulfuric acid) and pistachio residue+ gypsum, which resulted in some decreases. All treatments, especially pistachio residue, increased exchangeable potassium. Cattle manure was the only amendment that decreased exchangeable calcium compared to the control. The application of gypsum in comparison to the control showed the highest effect on increasing exchangeable calcium and magnesium, however, in the presence of sulfuric acid, it decreased in some treatments. The results indicated that, in the presence of sulfuric acid, pistachio residue and gypsum treatments had the highest influence on decreasing ESP, but in the absence of sulfuric acid, pistachio residue alone or in combination with gypsum was the most effective treatment in decreasing ESP. Also, since the soil was calcareous, sulfuric acid exhibited more efficiency than gypsum in decreasing ESP. Finally, the findings of this research highlight the importance of pistachio residue in ameliorating calcareous saline-sodic soils.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cattle manure
  • Gypsum
  • Leaching
  • Organic matter
  • Pistachio residue
  • Sulfuric acid
  • Soil amelioration
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