اثرات تغییر تناوب های زراعی گندم- آیش و گندم - نخود به کشت ممتد گندم بر خصوصیات فیزیکی مرتبط با فاکتور فرسایش پذیری خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری فیزیک و حفاظت خاک، دانشگاه تبریز

2 عضو هیأت علمی دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز

3 عضو هیأت علمی موسسه تحقیقات کشاورزی دیم مراغه

چکیده

برای مطالعه اثرات تغییر تناوب­های زراعی متداول به کشت ممتد گندم بر فاکتور فرسایش پذیری خاک (K) در اراضی دیم کشاورزی، سه سری خاک سهند (فلونتیک هاپلوزربتس)، رجل آباد (تیپیک کلسیزرپتس) و داراب (کلسیک هاپلوزرپتس) در دیمزارهای منطقه مراغه- هشترود انتخاب گردید. سه تیمار تناوب زراعی شامل: کشت ممتد گندم (T1) گندم- نخود (T2) و گندم- آیش (T3) به مدت پنج سال زراعی از پاییز سال 1382 تا تابستان 1387 در مکان­های مورد نظر اعمال شدند. خرداد سال 1387 نمونه­های دست­خورده و دست­نخورده از مزارع تهیه شد. در نمونه­های تهیه شده، یکسری از خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک مانند کربن آلی (OC)، آهک (CCE)، جرم مخصوص ظاهری (Db)، پایداری خاکدانه­ها (WAS)، سرعت نفوذپذیری (IR) و بافت اندازه­گیری شد. فاکتور فرسایش پذیری خاک با استفاده از رابطه رگرسیونی ارائه شده و پارامترهای اندازه­گیری شده، برآورد گردید. شاخص  WASدر T3 (%54/71) به طور معنی­داری (05/0P<) بیشتر از T1 (% 89/58) و T2 (%24/59) و مقدار IR در T1 (cm hr-1 01/2) به طور معنی­داری (05/0P<) کمتر از T2 (cm hr-1 89/4) و T3 (cm hr-1 27/5) بود. فاکتور فرسایش­پذیری خاک به صورت معنی­داری (05/0P<) درT1  ( t h MJ-1 mm-100681/0) نسبت به T2 ( t h MJ-1 mm-1 00299/0) و T3 ( t h MJ-1 mm-1 00223/0) افزایش یافت. تیمارهای تناوب زراعی تأثیر معنی­داری بر مقادیر OC، CCE و Db نداشتند. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده، تغییر تناوب­های زراعی گندم- آیش و گندم- نخود به کشت ممتد گندم در مزارع مورد مطالعه، سرانجام به افزایش روانآب و فرسایش خاک منجر شده و بنابراین اقدام درستی به نظر نمی رسد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Converting Wheat–Fallow and Wheat–Pea Rotation to Continuous Wheat on Soil Physical Properties Related to Soil Erodibility Factor

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mehdi Rahmati 1
  • M. R. Neyshabouri 2
  • Shahin Oustan 2
  • V. Feiziasl 3
1 PhD. Student, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
2 E-mail: mehdirmti@gmail.com Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
3 Dry-land Agricultural Research Institute, Maragheh, Iran
چکیده [English]

In order to study the effects of conversion of the current crop rotations in dry-land wheat farming to continuous wheat on soil erodibility factor in dryland agriculture, three soil series, namely, Sahand (Fluventic Haploxerepts), Rajol Abad (Typic Calcixerepts) and Darab (Calcic­ Haploxerepts), were selected at Maragheh and Hashtroud regions, northwest of Iran. The treatments consisted of continuous wheat cropping (T1), wheat–chickpea rotation (T2), and wheat–fallow rotation (T3) and were executed for 5 cropping seasons from autumn 2003 to summer 2008. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from the experimental sites on June 2008. Appropriate soil physical and chemical properties such as infiltration rate (IR), wet-aggregate stability (WAS), bulk density (Db), calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), organic carbon (OC), and texture were measured by routine laboratory methods and the K-factor was estimated using the supplied regression equation. Soil IR in T1 (2.01 cm hr-1) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than T2 (4.89 cm hr-1) and T3 (5.27 cm hr-1). Soil WAS in T3 (71.54%) was significantly (p<0.05) greater than T1 (58.89%) and T2 (59.24%). Lowest K-factor mean (2.23 × 10-3 t h MJ-1 mm-1) was obtained for T3 treatment and was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of T1 treatment (6.81 × 10-3 t hMJ-1mm-1). The treatments did not havet any significant effect on OC, CCE, and Db. Based on the results obtained, the conversion of wheat–pea or wheat–fallow crop rotations to continuous wheat cropping system in dry-land agriculture in the regions studied may eventually lead to enhanced runoff and soil erosion and, therefore, it is not an appropriate practice. 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Aggregate stability
  • Crop rotation
  • Soil erodibility
  • Soil infiltration rate
  • USLE

مراجع

  1. بنائی، م.ح. 1377. نقشه رژیم های رطوبتی و حرارتی خاک های ایران. انتشارات موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب. تهران. ایران.
  2. حکیمی، م. 1368. مطالعات خاکشناسی اجمالی منطقه هشترود – استان آذربایجان‌شرقی. انتشارات مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب. نشریه فنی شماره 767.
  3. سیدقیاسی، م.ف. 1370. مطالعه خاکشناسی تفصیلی اراضی ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی دیم مراغه. مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی استان آذربایجانشرقی.
  4. Azevedo, D.M.P., J. Landivar, R.M. Viera, and D. Moseley. 1999. The effect of cover crop and crop rotation on soil water storage and on sorghum yield. Pesq. agropec. bars., Brasilia. 34: 391-398.
  5. Angima, D., D.E. Stott, M.K. O'Neill, C.K. Ong, and G.A. Weesies. 2003. Soil erosion prediction using RUSLE for central Kenyan highland conditions. Ecosystems and Environment. 97: 295-308.
  6. Ankeny, M. D., T. C. Kaspar, and R. Horton. 1990. Characterization of tillage and traffic effects on unconfined infiltration measurement. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 54: 837-840.
  7. Bremer, E., Janzen, H.H., Ellert, B.H., and Mckenzie, R.H., 2008. Soil organic carbon after twelve years of various crop rotation in an aridic boroll. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 72: 970-974.
  8. Charman, P.E.V., and B.W. Murphy. 2000. Soils (their properties and management), 2nd Land and Water Conservation. New South Wales, Oxford.
  9. Clement, C.R., and T.E. Williams. 1958. An examination of the method of aggregate analysis by wet sieving in relation to the influences of diverse leys on arable soils. J. Soil Sci. 9:252–266.
  10. Dao, T. H. 1993. Tillage and winter wheat residue management effects on water infiltration and storage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 57: 1586-1595.
  11. Dick, W.A., D.M. Van Doren, Jr., G.B. Triplett, Jr., and J.E. Henry. 1986. Influence of long-term tillage and rotation combinations on crop yield and selected soil parameters. II. Results obtained for a Typic Fragiudalf soil. Res. Bull. 1181. Ohio Res. Dev. Cent., Wooster, OH.
  12. Gantzer, C.J., and G.R. Blake. 1978. Physical characteristics of Le Sueur clay loam soil following no-till and conventional tillage. Agron. J. 70:853–857.
  13. Gee G.W., 2002. Particle size analysis. In: H.D. Jacob and G. Clarke Topp, Co-editor (ed.). pp. 201-414. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4. Physical Methods. Soil Sci. Soc. A., Madison, WI. , USA.
  14. Jaskson M.L., 1958. Soil Chemical Analysis. Printice- Hall.
  15. Jianping, Z., 1999. Soil erosion in Guizhou Province of China: a case study in Bijie Prefecture. Soil Use Manage. 15: 68-70.
  16. Jones, O.R., V.L. Hauser, and T.W. Popham. 1994. No-tillage effects on infiltration, runoff, and water conservation on dryland. Trans. ASAE 37: 473-479.
  17. Katsvairo, T., W., Cox, and V.E., Harold. 2002. Tillage and rotation effects on soil physical characteristics. Agron J., 94: 299-304.
  18. Kemper, W.D. 1993. Effects of soil properties on precipitation use efficiency. Irrig. Sci. 14: 65-73.
  19. Kemper, W.D., and W.S. Chepil. 1965. Size distribution of aggregates. P. 499-510. In A. Black (ed.). Methods of soil analyses. Part 1. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA, Madison, WI.
  20. Klute, A., and C. Dirksen. 1986. Hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity: Laboratory methods. pp: 687-734. In: A. Klute (ed.), Method of Soil Analysis. Part 1, 2nd Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.
  21. Lal, R., A.A. Mahboubi, and N. R Fausey. 1994. Long-Term Tillage and Rotation Effects on properties of Central Ohio Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 58: 517-523.
  22. MacRay, R.J., and G.R. Mehuys. 1985. The effect of green manuring on the physical properties of temperate-area soils. Adv. Soil Sci. 3:71–94.
  23. Nelson, D. W., L. E. Sommer. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. In: Page, A. L. (Ed.) Method of soil analyses: Chemical and Microbiological Properties, ASA Monograph, 9(2). Amer. Soc. Agron., Madison.
  24. Pagiola, S., 1990. Preliminary estimates on the economics of soil conservation in Kenya. Policy analyses for rural development. Ministry of Agriculture, Report No. 1. Nairobi. Kenya.
  25. Rachman, A., S.H. Anderson, C.J. Ganter, and A.L. Thompson. 2003. Influence of long-term cropping systems on soil physical properties related to soil erodibility. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:637-644.
  26. Renard, K.G., G.R. Foster, G.A. Weesies, D.K. McCool, and D.C. Yoder. 1997. Predicting Soil Erosion by Water: A Guide to Conservation Planning With the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook, 703, Government Printing Office, SSOP, Washington, DC.
  27. Schwartz R.C., Unger, P.W., Evett, and S.R., 2000. Land use effects on soil hydraulic properties. Pp. 1-10. In Proceedings of the ISTRO-2000 Conference, 15th Conference of the International Soil Tillage Research Organization, July 2-7, 2000, Worth, Texas.
  28. Soil Survey Staff. 2006. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. United States Department of Agriculture. Tenth Edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service.
  29. Stevenson F.J., 1985. Cycles of Soil. In: Geochemistry of soil humic substancesHumic Substances in Soil, Sediment, and Water (EDs G.R. Aiken, D.M. McKnight, R.L. Wershaw and P. MacCarthy, Editors,). SWCS. 1995. User Guide: Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation. Version 1.04. Soil and Water conservation Society. Wiley, New York.
  30. Vaezi, A.R., S.H.R. Sadeghi, H.A. Bahrami, and M.H. Mahdian. 2008. Modeling the USLE K-factor for calcareous soils in northwestern Iran. Geomorphology, 97: 414-423.
  31. Wischmeier, W.H., and J.R. Mannering. 1969. Relation of soil properties to its erodibility. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 33: 131-137.
  32. Wischmeier, W.H., and D.D. Smith, 1978. Predicting rainfall erosion losses: a guide to conservation planning. Agriculture Handbook, vol. 537. US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC.
  33. Zhang, K., S. Li, W. Peng, and B. Yu, 2004. Erodibility of agricultural soils on the Loess Plateau of China. Soil and Tillage Research. 76: 157-165.
پژوهش های خاک
دوره 24، شماره 2
شهریور 1389
صفحه 155-163

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار