اثر محلول‌پاشی روی و منابع کلسیم بر بهبود پارامترهای کیفی و کاهش ریزش میوه در سیب

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی آذربایجان غربی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ارومیه، ایران.

2 بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان آذربایجان غربی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، ارومیه، ایران.

3 پژوهشکده بیوتکنولوژی صنایع غذایی، پژوهشگاه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی ایران، تبریز، ایران.

چکیده

ریزش قبل ازبرداشت میوه یکی از عوامل مهم کاهش عملکرد و کیفیت سیب به‌شمار می‌رود و عناصر تغذیه‌ای به‌ویژه روی و کلسیم نقش مؤثری در کنترل آن دارند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی تأثیر محلول‌پاشی سیترات روی و منابع مختلف کلسیم بر کاهش ریزش و بهبود کیفیت میوه سیب رقم 'رد دلیشس' طی چهار سال زراعی (۱۳۹۹ تا ۱۴۰۳) در یک باغ تجاری در ارومیه انجام شد. آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار و با شش تیمار کودی شامل شاهد، سیترات روی، سیترات کلسیم، کلرید کلسیم، سیترات روی + سیترات کلسیم و سیترات روی + کلرید کلسیم و سه زمان محلول‌پاشی اجرا گردید .زمان‌های محلول‌پاشی شامل فندقه شدن + گردویی شدن + دو هفته قبل از برداشت، فندقه شدن + شروع رنگ‌گیری + دو هفته قبل از برداشت، و فندقه شدن + گردویی شدن + شروع رنگ‌گیری + دو هفته قبل از برداشت بود. محلول‌پاشی‌ها با غلظت 0/3 درصد سیترات روی، 0/3 درصد سیترات کلسیم و 0/5 درصد کلرید کلسیم انجام شد .نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد ترکیبی سیترات روی + سیترات کلسیم در مرحله چهارمرحله‌ای محلول‌پاشی، بیشترین کاهش ریزش میوه و بهبود پارامترهای کیفی مانند سفتی بافت، مواد جامد محلول و اسیدیته را به‌همراه داشت. این تیمار همچنین موجب کاهش pH و نسبت‌های N/Ca، K/Ca، Mg/Ca و B/Ca گردید. غلظت عناصر کلسیم، روی، بور و منگنز در میوه افزایش یافت و غلظت نیتروژن، آهن و پتاسیم کاهش نشان داد. در برگ نیز افزایش قابل توجهی در غلظت اکثر عناصر مشاهده شد. در مجموع، استفاده ترکیبی از روی و کلسیم همراه با محلول‌پاشی در مراحل بحرانی رشد میوه، راهکار مناسبی برای کاهش ریزش و بهبود کیفیت میوه سیب ارزیابی شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Foliar Application of Zinc and Calcium Sources on Improving Quality Parameters and Reducing Fruit Drop in Apple

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hossein Azizi 1
  • Aziz Majidi 1
  • Jamal Amadaali 2
  • Rozita Mazlomi Oskoui 3
1 Soil and Water Research Department, West Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Urmia, Iran.
2 Agricultural Engineering Research Department, West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Urmia, Iran.
3 Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Food Industry Biotechnology Research Institute, Tabriz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: Pre-harvest fruit drop is a major challenge limiting both yield and market quality in apple orchards, particularly in commercial orchards. Nutritional imbalances, particularly deficiencies or improper ratios of calcium and micronutrients, are known to cause fruit abscission and reduce fruit quality. Zinc plays a key role in auxin metabolism and enzyme activity, while calcium is crucial for maintaining cell wall structure, membrane stability, and fruit firmness. Applying these nutrients as foliar sprays during critical stages of fruit development can therefore help reduce fruit drop and enhance fruit quality. This study aimed to assess the effects of foliar applications of zinc citrate and different calcium sources, applied at various phenological stages, on pre-harvest fruit drop and quality characteristics of ‘Red Delicious’ apples over four consecutive growing seasons.
 

 



Materials and Methods: This study was conducted from 2019 to 2023 in a commercial apple orchard in Balanj village, Urmia, Iran, chosen for its high incidence of fruit drop. Uniform 20–25-year-old ‘Red Delicious’ trees were used, with two trees per experimental plot. The experiment followed a factorial design with three replications. The first factor included six foliar treatments: control (water), zinc citrate, calcium citrate, calcium chloride, zinc citrate + calcium citrate, and zinc citrate + calcium chloride. The second factor involved three spraying schedules at key fruit development stages, from fruit set to two weeks before harvest. Sprays were applied at 0.3% zinc citrate, 0.3% calcium citrate, and 0.5% calcium chloride. Soil samples from 0–90 cm depth and irrigation water were analyzed before treatments, and basal fertilizers were applied uniformly. Standard orchard management practices, including irrigation, were followed. Leaf and fruit samples were collected to measure macro- and micronutrient concentrations and nutrient ratios (N/Ca, K/Ca, Mg/Ca, (K+Mg)/Ca, B/Ca). Pre-harvest dropped fruits were collected, counted, and weighed. Fruit quality—firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, and juice pH—was assessed using standard methods. Data were analyzed over four years using SAS software (version 9.1).
Results: The results indicated that foliar applications had a significant impact on both fruit drop and fruit quality. Among the treatments, the combined use of zinc citrate and calcium citrate, especially following the four-stage spraying schedule, led to the largest reduction in pre-harvest fruit drop, bringing it down to 17.65%. This combination also improved quality traits of the fruit, including firmness, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity, while slightly lowering the juice pH. Furthermore, the combined zinc and calcium treatments reduced nutrient ratios in the fruit, such as N/Ca, K/Ca, Mg/Ca, and B/Ca. Levels of calcium, zinc, boron, and manganese in the fruit increased, while nitrogen, iron, and potassium concentrations decreased. Analysis of leaf nutrients showed a clear increase in most macro- and micronutrients under the combined treatments.

 



Conclusion: The results indicated that combining foliar applications of zinc and calcium, particularly zinc citrate and calcium citrate, at key stages of fruit development is an effective method for reducing pre-harvest fruit drop and improving the quality of ‘Red Delicious’ apples. This approach helps balance nutrients in both the leaves and the fruit, making it a practical and efficient management strategy for apple orchards to reduce fruit drop.

 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Calcium citrate
  • Fruit drop
  • Fruit quality
  • Micronutrients. Red Delicious apple
  • Zinc citrate

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پژوهش های خاک
دوره 39، شماره 4
اسفند 1404
صفحه 401-419

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