بررسی اثر کاربرد فاضلاب بر برخی ویژگی‌های خاک و تجمع فلزات سنگین در خاک‌های ایران-مطالعه مروری

نوع مقاله : مقاله مروری

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، اﯾﺮان

2 موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، کرج، ایران.

10.22092/ijsr.2026.371408.800

چکیده

مطالعه حاضر با هدف ارزیابی اثر آبیاری با فاضلاب بر تغییر ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک و تجمع فلزات سنگین انجام شد. برای این کار، 335 منبع علمی شامل مقالات و گزارش‌های پژوهشی منتشر شده تا سال 1400 گردآوری و از نظر روش‌شناسی و کیفیت داده‌ها ارزیابی شدند. مطالعات واجد شرایط مورد تحلیل کمی و کیفی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد کاربرد فاضلاب منجر به بهبود شاخص‌های حاصلخیزی خاک از جمله افزایش کربن آلی (88 درصد)، ظرفیت تبادل کاتیونی (4/8 درصد) و پایداری خاکدانه‌ها شد، در حالی‌که جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک به‌طور میانگین 5/9 درصد کاهش یافت. اثر فاضلاب بر pH و SAR خاک متغیر و وابسته به سطح تصفیه و ترکیب شیمیایی آن بود، اما هدایت الکتریکی خاک به‌طور میانگین 39 درصد افزایش یافت که نشان‌دهنده افزایش بار یونی خاک است. همچنین غلظت کل عناصر غذایی خاک شامل نیتروژن، آهن، روی، مس و منگنز بین 1/8 تا 3/47 درصد و غلظت شکل قابل جذب پتاسیم، کلسیم، منیزیم، آهن، روی، مس منگنز را به‌ترتیب 8/30، 5/42، 89، 2/57، 9/223، 6/167 و 3/116 درصد افزایش داد. در بخش فلزات سنگین، آبیاری با فضلاب میانگین غلظت کل کروم، نیکل، منگنز، آهن، روی، مس، سرب و کادمیم به‌ترتیب 0/40، 1/29، 7/40، 3/20، 6/46، 5/34، 0/51 و 0/42 درصد افزایش داد و اثر آن در افزایش شکل قابل جذب آنها به‌مراتب بیشتر بود. نتایج همچنین نشان داد که در ایران، عناصر آرسنیک و کبالت مورد پایش قرار نگرفته‌اند که خلأ قابل توجهی در داده‌های مرتبط با این عناصر است. در نتیجه، بهره‌برداری پایدار از فاضلاب در کشاورزی مستلزم تصفیه مؤثر، کنترل ترکیب شیمیایی، پایش مستمر خاک و گیاه از نظر فلزات سنگین و رعایت استانداردهای ملی و بین‌المللی است تا ضمن افزایش راندمان مصرف آب و بهره‌گیری از مزایای تغذیه‌ای فاضلاب، از آلودگی بلندمدت خاک‌های کشاورزی جلوگیری شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Impacts of Wastewater Irrigation on Soil Properties and Heavy Metal Accumulation in Iranian Soils: A Review Study

نویسندگان [English]

  • موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب Ahmadi 1
  • موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب Shahbazi 2
  • موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب Bazargan 2
  • Mostafa Marzi 2
  • موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب Cheraghi 2
1 Department of soil science and engeeniring, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Reseach, Education, Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Background and Objectives: The increasing scarcity of freshwater resources in arid and semi-arid regions has led to the growing use of wastewater for agricultural irrigation. In Iran, this practice has become particularly important due to rising water demand and limited access to high-quality water. Wastewater contains substantial quantities of organic matter and essential plant nutrients that can improve soil fertility; however, its long-term application may also result in accumulation of potentially toxic heavy metals in agricultural soils. Balancing the agronomic benefits with the associated environmental risks remains a key challenge for sustainable wastewater reuse. This review aims to systematically evaluate the effects of wastewater irrigation on the physical and chemical properties of soils in Iran, as well as the accumulation patterns of heavy metals in these soils.

Materials and Methods: A total of 335 scientific sources, including peer-reviewed articles, research reports, and academic theses published up to 2021, were collected and critically evaluated. The methodological quality of each study was assessed based on data completeness, sampling design, and analytical reliability. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were subjected to quantitative and qualitative synthesis to identify the magnitude and direction of wastewater effects on key soil indicators. The analyzed parameters included soil bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic carbon (OC), soil aggregate stability, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and the concentrations of macro- and micronutrients as well as heavy metals. Data were synthesized to calculate average percentage changes relative to control soils irrigated with freshwater.
Results: The results demonstrate that wastewater irrigation significantly improves several soil fertility indicators. On average, soil organic carbon increased by 88%, CEC by 8.4%, and soil aggregate stability improved markedly, indicating enhanced soil structure and water retention capacity. Conversely, bulk density decreased by 9.5%, reflecting improved soil porosity. The effect of wastewater on pH and SAR was variable and highly dependent on the degree of wastewater treatment and its chemical composition. However, EC increased by 39% on average, indicating an overall rise in soil ionic load. Nutrient enrichment was also evident. The total concentrations of essential nutrients, including nitrogen, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese, increased by 12.8–47.3%. The available (plant-available) forms of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese increased by 30.8%, 42.5%, 89%, 57.2%, 223.9%, 167.6%, and 116.3%, respectively, confirming the fertilization potential of wastewater irrigation. In contrast, a notable increase in total and available heavy metal concentrations was observed. Average increases in total chromium, nickel, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium concentrations were 40%, 29.1%, 40.2%, 20.3%, 46.6%, 34.5%, 50.0%, and 42.0%, respectively. The bioavailable fractions of these metals exhibited even higher increases, posing a potential risk to food chain safety. Importantly, this review highlights a significant data gap for arsenic (As) and cobalt (Co), which have not been systematically monitored in Iranian soils, indicating a critical need for expanded surveillance.
Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that wastewater irrigation in Iran substantially enhances soil fertility by improving organic matter content, nutrient availability, and physical structure. However, it simultaneously increases the accumulation of heavy metals, particularly in bioavailable forms that can be transferred to crops and potentially threaten soil and food safety. Sustainable wastewater reuse therefore requires effective pretreatment, chemical quality control, and continuous monitoring of soil and plant heavy metal concentrations in accordance with national and international standards (e.g., WHO, FAO, and Iranian EPA guidelines). Establishing long-term monitoring programs and incorporating risk assessment frameworks into wastewater reuse policies are essential to balance the benefits of nutrient recycling with the prevention of long-term contamination in agricultural soils.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Wastewater irrigation
  • Soil fertility
  • Heavy metals
  • Agricultural soil
  • Soil contamination

مراجع

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پژوهش های خاک
دوره 39، شماره 4
اسفند 1404
صفحه 493-515

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