اثر سامانه های مختلف خاک ورزی بر ویژگی‌های خاک، مصرف سوخت و عملکرد گندم در تناوب گندم-کنجد

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز

2 دانشیار بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز

3 بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی فارس، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، شیراز، ایران.

چکیده

علیرغم قدمت نسبتاً طولانی خاک ورزی حفاظتی در دنیا، این فناوری در کشور ما نوپا است، بنابراین بررسی آثار آن بر ویژگی‌های خاک و عملکرد محصولات مختلف ضروری است. از این رو، این پژوهش در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با پنج تیمار و چهار تکرار از سال 1389 تا 1393 در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی داراب فارس انجام شد. تیمارها عبارت بودند از T1) کم­خاک ورزی با خاک ورز مرکب (عمق 15 سانتی متر)، T2) کشت مستقیم گندم و کنجد به مدت چهار سال، T3) کشت مستقیم کنجد به مدت چهار سال وکشت مستقیم گندم در سال‌های اول، دوم و چهارم و کشت مرسوم آن در سال سوم ، T4) کشت مستقیم گندم به مدت چهار سال وکشت مستقیم کنجد در سال‌های اول، دوم و چهارم و کشت مرسوم آن در سال سوم و T5) خاک‌ورزی مرسوم با استفاده از گاوآهن برگردان دار (عمق 25 سانتی متر)، دیسک و لولر. رطوبت خاک، جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک، پایداری خاکدانه ها، درصد برگردان شدن پسماندهای گیاهی، سوخت مصرفی، ظرفیت مزرعه ای و عملکرد گندم اندازه گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد که روش‌ بی خاک‌ورزی در کشت گندم رطوبت خاک را در مقایسه با خاک ورزی مرسوم تا 18 درصد افزایش داد، اما اثر معنی داری بر جرم مخصوص ظاهری خاک نداشت. همچنین، روش های خاک ورزی حفاظتی در مقایسه با خاک ورزی مرسوم مصرف سوخت را تا 77 درصد کاهش و ظرفیت مزرعه ای مؤثر انجام عملیات تهیه زمین و کاشت را 8/2 برابر افزایش دادند.  عملکرد گندم در تیمارهای خاک ورزی حفاظتی به طور معنی­داری کمتر از روش خاک ورزی مرسوم بود (تا 21 درصد) که به نظر می­رسد خاک لومی منطقه داراب نیاز به زمان بیشتری دارد تا بتواند با روش­های خاک ورزی حفاظتی سازگار گردد. مقایسه اقتصادی تیمارها نیز نشان داد که روش­های خاک ورزی حفاظتی توان رقابت با خاک ورزی مرسوم را ندارند و خاک ورزی مرسوم اولویت اول تهیه زمین در تناوب گندم-کنجد در منطقه داراب می­باشد و کم خاک ورزی و کشت مستقیم به ترتیب در اولویت­های بعدی قرار می­گیرند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of tillage systems on soil properties, fuel consumption,and wheat yield in the wheat-sesame rotation

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sadegh Afzalinia 1
  • Alidad Karami 2
  • Sayed Mansour Alavimanesh 3
1 Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Engineering Research, Fars Research and Education Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, AREEO, Shiraz, Iran
2 AAssociate Professor, Department of Soil and Water Research, Fars Research and Education Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, AREEO, Shiraz, Iran
3 Department of Agricultural Engineering Research, Fars Research and Education Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources, AREEO, Shiraz, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Despite the relatively long history of conservation tillage in the world, this technology is still new in Iran; therefore, evaluating effects of conservation tillage on soil properties and crops yield is necessary. Thus, this study was conducted using a randomized complete block experimental design with five treatments and four replications in Darab region of Fars province for four years (2010-2014). Treatments were T1) reduced tillage with 15 cm tilling depth, T2) wheat and sesame direct seeding, T3) sesame direct seeding for four years, wheat direct seeding for the first two years and the fourth year, and conventional planting in the third year, T4) wheat direct seeding for four years, sesame direct seeding for the first two years and the fourth year, and conventional planting in the third year, and T5) conventional tillage using moldboard plough (tilling depth of 25 cm), disk harrow, and land leveler. Soil moisture content, soil aggregates, soil bulk density, percentage of residue inversion, fuel consumption, field capacity, and wheat yield were measured. Results showed that conservation tillage methods increased soil moisture content by up to 18%, but soil bulk density was not affected by tillage methods. Conservation tillage methods decreased fuel consumption compared to the conventional tillage by up to 77% and increased effective field capacity for seed bed preparation and planting for up to 2.8 times. Wheat yield significantly decreased in the conservation tillage methods compared to the conventional tillage by 21%; therefore, soil needs more time to get adapted to the conservation tillage conditions in Darab region. Economic evaluation also showed that conventional tillage was the first option for the seed bed preparation in the wheat-sesame cropping system in Darab region, and the reduced and no-till were the second and third priorities, respectively.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil aggregates stability
  • soil bulk density
  • soil moisture content
  • tillage methods
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